| UK Booklet on Human Health and Air Pollution |
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http://www.defra.gov.uk/ENVIRONMENT/airquality/publications/airpoll/
This booklet entitled "Air Pollution - what it means
for your health" explains where to get current information
on levels of air pollution, what air pollution can mean for
your health, and what you can do about it. The booklet can
either be viewed on-line or downloaded. It is designed to
be an easy guide to the UK's Air Pollution Information Service
(which is accessed via internet at http://www.airquality.co.uk
or via phone), which covers sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
ozone, carbon monoxide, and particles (PM10).
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UK Health Effects of Air Pollutants |
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http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/statementsreports/healtheffects.htm
The Department of Health website has a range of reports
on health effects due to air pollution. For example, the Committee
on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) published
a report in 1998 on the quantification of the health effects
of air pollutants in the UK, including an estimate of the
numbers of people affected. The report details the effects
of particulate matter (PM10) and sulfur dioxide in urban areas
of Great Britain, and ozone in both urban and rural areas
of Great Britain (during summer only). Other reports linked
to the website include advisory group reports on ozone, sulfur
dioxide, acid aerosols and particulates, nitrogen oxides,
and exposure to combinations of pollutants.
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| U.S. EPA Booklet on the Human Health Effects of Ozone |
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http://www.epa.gov/airnow/health/smog.pdf
(PDF, 10pp., 818 KB)
This booklet provides background information on ozone and
smog, describes four groups who are most at risk from exposure
to ozone, provides a table of the ozone concentrations and
corresponding Air Quality Index (AQI) values, and summarizes
various health effects that are caused by ozone and simple
measures or protective actions that can be taken to reduce
that health risk.
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| U.S. EPA Factsheet on Asthma and Outdoor Air Pollution |
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http://www.epa.gov/airnow/health-prof/Asthma_Flyer_Final.pdf
(PDF, 2pp., 502KB)
This fact sheet is designed in conjunction with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) to answer questions about how people with asthma can be affected by air pollution and how
they can use the Air Quality Index to reduce their exposure.
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Technical Audiences:
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Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) Journal |
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http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/
The website of Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP),
a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to the discussion of the
effect of the environment on human health. Also available
in Chinese at http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/cehp/.
EHP is a publication of the Public Health Service, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes
of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
(NIEHS).
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The Health Effect Institute (HEI) Research |
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http://healtheffects.org/ongoing.htm
The HEI research program has addressed many important questions
about the health effects of a variety of pollutants over the
past two decades. These include carbon monoxide, ozone, particulate
matter, and nitrogen oxides, which are regulated in the U.S.
by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. In addition,
many air toxics, fuel additives, and pollutant mixtures have
been studied. This site lists research that has been published
and provides some links to a few published HEI research reports
on air toxics and particulate matter.
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The Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management |
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http://www.worldscinet.com/jeapm/jeapm.shtml
The Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management
is an interdisciplinary, peer reviewed, international journal
covering policy and decision-making relating to environmental
assessment (EA) in the broadest sense. Uniquely, its specific
aim is to explore the horizontal interactions between assessment
and aspects of environmental management (not just the vertical
interactions within the broad field of impact assessment)
and thereby to identify comprehensive approaches to environmental
improvement involving both qualitative and quantitative information.
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EU Position Paper on Arsenic, Cadmium, and Nickel |
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/pdf/pp_as_cd_ni.pdf
(PDF, 318 pp., 2.14 MB)
This position paper, developed in preparation for air quality
legislation in Europe, provides detailed information on the
human health effects for arsenic, cadmium, and lead in section
two. It also proposes limit values.
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| EU Position Paper on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
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http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/air/pdf/pp_pah.pdf
(PDF,
56 pp., 568 KB)
This position paper, developed in preparation for air quality
legislation in Europe, provides detailed information on human
health effects for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in section
four.
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U.S. EPA Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act 1990 - 2010: Report to Congress |
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http://yosemite1.epa.gov/EE/epa/eerm.nsf/vwRepNumLookup/EE-0295A?OpenDocument
The economic value of the public health and environmental
benefits that Americans enjoy from the Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990 exceed their costs by a margin of four to one, according
to the study. The report projects that the Clean Air Act Amendments
and their associated programs prevent thousands of premature
deaths related to air pollution, and millions of asthma attacks
as well as a wide range of additional human health and ecological
effects.
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U.S. EPA Benefits and Costs of the Clean Air Act 1970 - 1990: Final Report to Congress |
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http://yosemite1.epa.gov/EE/epa/eerm.nsf/vwSER/9ADD3221C1A0064D8525643C007E4076?OpenDocument
Final report to Congress prepared in response to Section
812 of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments addressing the question
of how the overall health, welfare, ecological, and economic
benefits of Clean Air Act Programs compare to the costs of
these programs in the period 1970-90. This final report has
been approved by an advisory committee formed to review it,
and has been transmitted to Congress. This retrospective analysis
focuses on the National Ambient Air Quality criteria pollutants
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate
matter, ozone, and lead. The report compares and contrasts
two regulatory scenarios. The "control scenario" reflects
the actual conditions resulting from the historical implementation
of the 1970 and 1977 Clean Air Acts. In contrast, the "no-control"
scenario reflects expected conditions under the assumption
that, absent the passage of the 1970 Clean Air Act, the scope,
form, and stringency of air pollution control programs would
have remained as they were in 1970. The "no-control" scenario
represents a hypothesized "baseline" against which to measure
the effects of the Clean Air Act. The differences between
the public health, air quality, and economic and environmental
conditions resulting from these two scenarios represent the
benefits and costs of the Act's implementation from 1970 to
1990.
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U.S. EPA Colloquia on a Framework for Human Health Risk Assessment |
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http://cfpub2.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=12186
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recognized
the need to develop a framework for human health risk assessment
that puts a perspective on the approaches in practice throughout
the Agency. This site provides a summary of the discussions
regarding this framework, which is intended to be a communication
piece that will lay out the scientific basis, principles,
and policy choices underlying past and current risk assessment
approaches and will provide recommendations for integrating/harmonizing
risk assessment methodologies for all human health endpoints.
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U.S. EPA Cost of Illness Handbook |
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http://www.epa.gov/oppt/coi/
The Cost of Illness Handbook -- This web page contains information
on the per capita incremental direct medical costs associated
with illnesses linked to environmental pollutants.
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U.S. EPA's Draft Ecological Benefits Assessment Strategic Plan |
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http://yosemite1.epa.gov/ee/epa/eed.nsf/webpages/EBASPlanReview.html
This site describes the Agency's Draft Ecological Benefits
Assessment Strategic Plan. The overall goal of the Plan is
to improve the Agency's ability to identify, quantify, and
value the ecological impacts of its actions in order to improve
decision-making and better communicate the results.
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U.S. EPA Economics &Cost Analysis Support |
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http://www.epa.gov/ttnecas1/
The purpose of this site is to make available in one place the documents developed by the
U.S. EPA's Innovative Strategies and Economics Group (ISEG). Tools include the databases
and models that have been developed by ISEG for cost, benefit, and economic impact analyses.
Documents include analytical guidance and reports on conducting analysis of costs, benefits,
and economic impacts of air quality management strategies, programs, and regulations.
The guidance documents and technical reports are useful for understanding analyses prepared
by ISEG staff and serve as a resource for others conducting similar types of analyses.
Models and tools developed by ISEG and its contractors are made available here to facilitate
others in conducting analyses of costs, benefits, and economic impacts.
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U.S. EPA Handbook on Valuing Children's Health |
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http://yosemite.epa.gov/ee/epa/eed.nsf/webpages/HandbookChildrensHealthValuation.html
The Children's Health Valuation Handbook is a companion
document to EPA's Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses
(2002). The Handbook is a reference tool for analysts conducting
economic analyses of EPA policies when those policies are
expected to affect risks to children's health. Because the
state of knowledge surrounding the valuation of children's
health is still in it's infancy, this document is designed
to be more informative than prescriptive. The Handbook's three-ring
binder format will facilitate making updates as new information
in this expanding state of knowledge becomes available.
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U.S. EPA Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants
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http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hapindex.html
The Health Effects Notebook for Hazardous Air Pollutants
has detailed information about the health effects of hazardous
air pollutants (HAPs) is available in separate fact sheets,
for nearly every HAP specified in the Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990.
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| U.S. EPA Regulatory Economic Analysis |
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http://yosemite1.epa.gov/ee/epa/eed.nsf/webpages/RegulatoryEconomicAnalysisAtEPA.html
This report serves two purposes. First, it's an update of
a 1987 report entitled EPA's Use of Benefit-Cost Analysis
1981-1986, which updates a number of sections, adds summaries
of some more recent Economic Analyses, and reviews other reviews
of EPA Economic Analyses. Second, it's an introduction, survey,
and overview of EPA's Regulatory Economic Analyses Inventory
(REAI) database, which contains over 2,200 documents, some
400 of which are classified as Regulatory Impact Analyses
(RIAs) or more recently as Economic Analyses (EAs), as well
as many related reports and information.
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UK Air Quality Standards and Objectives |
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http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/airquality/strategy/pdf/air-qualitystrategy-vol2.pdf
(PDF, 34 pp., 222 KB)
The Air Quality Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland document contains standards and human health effect
information for eight pollutants: benzene, 1,3-butadiene,
carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, sulfur
dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and ammonia.
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World Health Organization (WHO) Health Impact Assessment |
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http://www.who.int/hia/en/
The WHO's Health Impact Assessment (HIA) provides decision
makers with information about how any policy, program, or
project may affect the health of people. HIA seeks to
influence decision makers to improve the proposal. WHO supports
the use of HIA because of its ability to influence policies,
programs and/or projects.
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