Dr. S. Trivikrama (S.T.) Rao

AMAD Staff

Education:

Ph.D Atmospheric Science, State University of New York at Albany, 1969-1972
M.Sc (Tech) Geophysics, Andhra University, Waltair, India, 1962-1965
B.S. Mathematics, Physics, & Chemistry, Andhra Loyola College, Vijayawada, India, 1958-1962

Professional Experience:

2008-Present: Director, USEPA/ORD/NERL/AMAD, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2008–present

Nature of Duties: Provide science leadership to the Division, develop and execute research plans for atmospheric modeling, air pollution meteorology, and analysis and interpretation of complex environmental data involving other federal agencies and national/international scientific community. Represent EPA at national/international scientific committees/meetings/workshops, serve on inter- and intra-Agency committees and Boards, and serve as the key EPA point of contact for atmospheric research programs.

2003 - Present: Adjunct Professor, Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC

October 2001-2008: Director, Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Division, NOAA.

Nature of Duties: Develop and execute research plans for modeling the transport and fate of air pollutants using an interdisciplinary approach, emphasizing integration and close cooperation with EPA and other public/private research communities. Represent NOAA and EPA at national/international scientific meetings/workshops, serve on inter- and intra-Agency committees and Boards, and serve as the key point of contact between NOAA and EPA for atmospheric research programs.

June 1996 - September 2001: Assistant Commissioner, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

Nature of Duties: Coordinate, plan, conduct environmental research, providing a sound scientific and technical basis for regulatory policies. Provide policy advice to the Commissioner on scientific matters.

June 1985 - May 1996: Director, Bureau of Air Research, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

Nature of Duties: Plan, direct, initiate, and conduct research in air pollution. Manage, supervise and direct the activities of the three sections in the Bureau of Air Research in the Division of Air Resources.

September 1998: Professorof Environmental Statistics, Department of Biometry & Statistics

September 1981 - August 2002: Research Professor of Atmospheric Science, Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, State University of New York at Albany

Nature of Duties: Teach graduate level courses; serve as advisor to students on their Masters and Doctoral thesis.

December 1982 - May 1985: Research Scientist 5, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

Nature of Duties: As the Air Division's principal scientist, direct and conduct research in atmospheric dynamics, and air pollution meteorology & modeling. Supervise and manage research staff and funds.

August 1974 - November 1982: Research Scientist & Chief - Atmospheric Modeling Section, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

Nature of Duties: Initiate, conduct and direct research related to mathematical modeling of pollutant transport and dispersion. Supervise and manage the Section resources.

January 1973 – July 1974: Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, State University of New York at Albany

Nature of Duties: Conduct research on the parameterization of cloud droplet growth in the condensational phase and on modeling the interactions between micro- and macro-structures of convective clouds.

September 1969 - December 1972: Teaching/Research Assistant, State University of New York at Albany

Nature of Duties: Assist faculty in teaching undergraduate courses in climatology, oceanography and introductory meteorology and graduate level course in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics.

September 1966 - August 1969: Senior Scientific Assistant, Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Govt. of India

Nature of Duties: Conduct research on synoptic and theoretical aspects of the large-scale atmospheric motions in the tropics.

October 1965 - August 1966: Lecturer of Physics, Govt. Arts College, Nizamabad, India

Nature of Duties: Offer courses in Electricity and Magnetism, Heat transfer, and properties of matter.

Professional Certification:

Certified Consulting Meteorologist (CCM)

Certified by the American Meteorological Society in 1980

Honors & Awards:

EPA Gold Medal, 2009
EPA Science Communication Award, 2009
EPA/ORD Bronze Medal Award, 2008
NOAA Administrator's Award, 2007
Member of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2007
Fellow of the American Meteorological Society, 2000
Frank A. Chambers Award, Air & Waste Management Association, 1999
Fellow of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1999
Committee Member, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 1984-1987, 1997-1999
Fellow of the Air & Waste Management Association, 1996
Certified Consulting Meteorologist, American Meteorological Society, 1980

Professional Organizations:

American Meteorological Society
Air & Waste Management Association

External Activities:

Editorial Board Member - Atmospheric Environment, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, EM Magazine, Journal of Environmental Fluid Mechanics, and Air Pollution Research
US Representative – NATO/SPS Scientific Committee for International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications (2004 - Present)
Co-Chair – Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII): A North American and European Consortium (2008 - Present)
Member – Atmospheric Impacts Committee of the Coordinating Research Council, A Consortium of the Auto and Oil Industry (2004 - Present)
Member – Executive Board of University of Waterloo’s Center for Atmospheric Sciences, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (2004-2007)
Adjunct Senior Research associate - Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, Albany, NY (2001-
Adjunct Professor of Atmospheric Science – Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (2002-
Professor of Environmental Statistics - Department of Biometry & Statistics, University at Albany, Albany, NY (1998-
Professor of Atmospheric Science - Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, NY (1981-2002)
Member - The Senate of the University at Albany, State University of New York (1999-2001)
Member - Project Advisory Group, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (1998- )
Member - Nat’l Academy of Sciences’ Committee on “Ozone Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline” (1997-99)
Expert Consultant - United Nations Development Program on Air Pollution Research Programs in India (1994-1995)
Member - Graduate Program Committee, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, SUNYA (1993-1994)
External Examiner - Ph.D. Dissertations in Meteorology, Indian Inst. of Tech., New Delhi; Andhra University, India.
Peer Reviewer - Research Programs and Publications, Scientific Journals
Panel Member - Nat’l Cooperative Highway Research Program, National Academy of Sciences, (1978-1982)
Member - Meteorology Committee; Atmospheric Deposition & Chemistry Committee, and Education & Training Committee, Air & Waste Management Association
Member - Committee on Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollution, American Meteorological Society (1993-2000 )
Listed - Who’s Who in America; American Men and Women in Science, Jacques Cattell Press
Listed - Who’s Who in Science and Engineering 2000-2001, Marquis Press
Listed - 2000 Outstanding Scientists of the 20th Century, International Biographical Center, Cambridge, England
Listed - The Contemporary Who’s Who of Professionals, American Biographical Institute
Member - CReME Project Steering Committee (Research Project Funded by the Private Sector)
Member - Modeling Committee, Ozone Transport Commission, Washington, DC (1992-1997)
Co-Chair - Modeling & Chemistry Team, EPA’s NARSTO Program
Secretary - Eastern Chapter of A&WMA (1991-1992); Board of Directors of A&WMA Middle Atlantic States Section (1992-1994)

Graduate Students at the University of Albany:

Leon Sedefian, 1977 MS Thesis - “Characteristics of turbulence & diffusion of pollutants near highways”
Jonathan Pleim, 1981 MS Thesis - “A comparative study of two trajectory models of long-range transport”
Eli Jacks, 1984 MS Thesis - “An examination of the MOS objective temperature prediction model”
Jia-Yeong Ku, 1985 Ph.D Thesis - “Numerical modeling of air pollution urban areas” (Won Paul Lemon Award for Outstanding Dissertation)
Eric Zalewsky, 1995 MS Thesis - “Trends in temperature-adjusted ozone concentrations over eastern United States”
Jennifer Flaum, 1995 MS Thesis - “Application of an adaptive moving average filter to climate and air quality data”
Christian Hogrefe, 1996 MS Thesis - “Seasonal variations, biases and trends in ozonesonde data”
Meagan Milanchus, 1997 MS Thesis - “Discerning changes in ambient ozone concentrations in the presence of meteorological variability”
Daniel Chan, 1998 MS Thesis - “Linking Changes in Ozone Concentrations to Changes in Emissions and Meteorology”
Elvira Brankov, 1998 Ph. D - “Influence of Atmospheric Transport on Toxic Air Contaminant Levels over the Northeastern United States” (Won Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Award)
Jian Zhang, 1998 Ph. D - “Influences of Atmospheric Transport and Vertical Mixing Processes on Ozone Levels”
Jhumoor Biswas, 2000 Ph. D - “Uncertainties in Episodic Ozone Modeling over the eastern United States”
Christian Hogrefe, 2000 Ph. D - “Evaluating and Using the Regional-Scale Photochemical Models in Policy Making” (Won Paul Lemon Award for Outstanding Dissertation and Narayan Gokhale Award for Distinguished Research)
Georgios Athanasides , 2000 MS - “Spatial and Temporal Variations in Trace Elements over the Northeast”

GRADUATE STUDENT ADVISORY COMMITTEES AT NC STATE UNIVERSITY

Ping Liu, 2008 Ph.D. Thesis – “Evaluation of Regional Air Quality Models”
Valerie Garcia, 2010 Ph.D. Thesis – “Examination of the Relationships between Air Quality and Human Health”

GRADUATE STUDENT ADVISORY COMMITTEE AT UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS, GREECE

Marina Astitha, 2007 Ph.D. Thesis – “Characteristic scales of transport and transformation of air pollutants - Possible impacts on climate”

Management Training:

March 2009 “Management Development Seminar” – Office of Personnel Management
July 2009 “Communicating Face to Face” – Office of Personnel Management
October 2002 “Federal Management and Fiscal Integrity Act” Training Course
September 2001 “High Performance Organization” - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
June 1996 “Total Quality Management” - New York State Government
June - Dec. 1990 “Managing New York State: Leadership Classroom Level I” - New York State Government
June 1988 “Building the Secretary-Manager Team” - Choice Associates.
June 1986 “How to be a Successful Project Manager” - American Management Association.
March 1984 “Project Management: Planning, Scheduling and Control” - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
August 1983 “Assertive Management” - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
February 1982 “Managing Effectively Through the 1980's” - Booth Associates.
Jan - Dec 1982 “Public Management Project” - NYS Department of Civil Service.
July 1979 “Supervisors Workshop on Performance Evaluation” - NYS Department of Civil Service.
January 1979 “Program Planning & Budgeting” - Graduate School of Public Affairs, SUNYA.
December 1978 “Grants & Project Administration” - Graduate School of Public Affairs, SUNYA.
March 1978 “Manager’s Advancement Programs” - American Management Association.
September 1978 “Leadership Styles for Managers” - Madden Associates.

Publications:

Journal Artilces

"After-shock Sequence of Kurile Islands Earthquake of October 13, 1963" (B.P. Murty, R.B. Pathak, and S.T. Rao), J. Ind. Geophy. Union, 1969, Vol. VI, No. 2.

"On Some Aspects of the Stationary Harmonics of the Atmosphere" (V.B. Rao and S.T. Rao), J. Ind. Geophy. Union, 1969, Vol. VI, No. 2.

"A Theoretical and Synoptic Study of Western Disturbances" (V.B. Rao and S.T. Rao), Pure and Applied Geophysics, 1971, Vol. 90, No. 7.

"Spectral Characteristics of the Baroclinic Annulus Waves" (S.T. Rao and C.B. Ketchum), J. Atmospheric Sciences, 1975, Vol. 32, No. 4.

"Spectral Analysis Approach to the Dynamics of Air Pollutants" (S.T. Rao, P. Samson, and A. Peddada), Atmospheric Environment, 1976, Vol. 10, No. 5.

"Spectral Properties of Baroclinic Waves in an Annulus with a Rigid Upper Surface" (S.T. Rao and C.B. Ketchum), J. Atmospheric Sciences, June 1976, Vol. 33, No. 6.

"Characteristics of Internal Oscillations in Lake Ontario" (S.T. Rao, U. Czapski and L. Sedefian), Journal Geophysical Research, 1977, Vol. 82, No. 12.

"Parameterization of Cloud Droplet Growth by Condensation" (S.T. Rao and Z.H. Feng), Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1977, Vol. 16, No. 5.

"Characteristics of Turbulence and Dispersion of Pollutants Near Major Highways" (S.T. Rao, L. Sedefian, and U. Czapski), Journal of Applied Meteorology, March 1979.

"A Study of Pollutant Dispersion Near Roadways" (G. Sistla, M. Keenan, P. Samson, and S.T. Rao), Atmos. Environment, 1979, Vol. 13, No. 5.

"An Evaluation of Some Commonly Used Highway Dispersion Models" (S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, M. Keenan and J. Wilson), Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, 1980, Vol. 30, No. 3.

"Suggestions for Improvement of the EPA-HIWAY Model" (S.T. Rao and M. Keenan), Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, 1980, Vol. 30, No. 3.

"Comments on Determination of Vehicle Emission Rates from Roadways by Mass Balance Techniques" (L. Sedefian, S.T. Rao, and W. Petersen), Environmental Science& Technology, March, 1981.

"Effects of Traffic-Generated Turbulence on Near-Field Dispersion" (L. Sedefian, S.T. Rao, and U. Czapski), Atmospheric Environment, April, 1981.

"On the Comparative Assessment of the Performance of Air Quality Models" (S.T. Rao and J. Visalli), Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, August, 1981.

"Relationship Between Urban and Rural Sulfate Levels" (S.T. Rao and G. Sistla), Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, June 1982.

"A Comparative Study of Two Trajectory Models of Long-Range Transport" (S.T. Rao, J. Pleim and U. Czapski), Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, January, 1983.

"Measurement and Prediction of Traffic-Induced Turbulence and Velocity Fields near Highways" (R. Eskridge and S.T. Rao), Journal of Applied Meteorology, August, 1983.

"An Examination of the MOS Objective Temperature Prediction Model" (E. Jacks and S.T. Rao), Monthly Weather Review, January, 1985.

"Evaluation of the Performance of RAM with the Regional Air Pollution Study Data Base" (S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, V. Pagnotti, W. Petersen, J. Irwin and B. Turner), Atmospheric Environment, February, 1985.

"Resampling and Extreme Value Statistics in Air Quality Model Performance Evaluation, (S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, V. Pagnotti, W. Petersen, J. Irwin and D. Turner), Atmospheric Environment, September, 1985.

"Reply to the Comments of Dr. Chock" (R.E. Eskridge and S.T. Rao), Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, September, 1985.

"Spatial and Temporal Variability for Precipitation for Selected Regions of New York State and Relationship to Variability in Sulfate Deposition Measurements, (V. Pagnotti and S.T. Rao), Journal Air Pollution Control Association, April, 1986.

"Turbulent Diffusion Behind Vehicles: Experimentally Determined Turbulence Mixing Parameters" (R.E. Eskridge and S.T. Rao), Atmospheric Environment, May, 1986.

"Turbulent Diffusion Behind Vehicles: Verification of Roadway Models" (S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, R.E. Eskridge, and W.B. Petersen), Atmosppheric. Environment, June, 1986.

"Numerical Simulation of Air Pollution in Urban Areas: Model Development" (J.Y. Ku, S.T. Rao, and K.S. Rao), Atmospheric Environment, January, 1987.

"Numerical Simulation of Air Pollution in Urban Areas: Model Performance" (J.Y. Ku, S.T. Rao, and K.S. Rao), Atmospheric Environment, January, 1987.

"Relating Error Bounds for Maximum Concentration Estimates to Diffusion Meteorology Uncertainty" (J.S. Irwin, S.T. Rao, W. B. Petersen, and D.B. Turner), Atmospheric Environment, September, 1987.

"Prepared Discussion on Paper: Ozone Air Quality Models" (S.T. Rao), Journal of Air Pollution Control Association, September, 1988.

"A Comparison Study of Several Urban Air Pollution Models" (K.S. Rao, J.Y. Ku, and S.T. Rao), Atmospheric Environment, April, 1989.

"Turbulent Diffusion Behind Vehicles: Effect of Traffic Speed on Pollutant Concentrations" (R.E. Eskridge, W.B. Petersen, and S.T. Rao), Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, March, 1991.

"Analysis of Toxic Air Contaminant Data Containing Concentrations Below the Limit of Detection", (S.T. Rao, J.Y. Ku, and K.S. Rao), Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, April, 1991.

"Sampling Strategies for Toxic Air Contaminants", (S.T. Rao, J.Y. Ku, and K.S. Rao), Risk Analysis, Sept., 1991.

"Efficacy of Nitrogen Oxides and Hydrocarbons Emissions Control in Ozone Attainment Strategies as Predicted by the Urban Airshed Model", (S.T. Rao and G. Sistla), Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 67:95, 1993.

"Statistical Analysis of Trends in Urban Ozone Air Quality" (S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, and R. Henry), Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, September, 1992.

"Is a NOx-focussed Control Strategy the Solution to Reducing Urban Ozone Levels in the Northeastern United States?" (S.T. Rao), Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Dec. 1993

"Detecting and Tracking Changes in Ozone Air Quality" (S.T. Rao and I. Zurbenko), Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 44:1089, 1994

"Determining Spatial and Temporal Variations in Ozone Air Quality" (S.T. Rao, E. Zalewsky, and I. Zurbenko), Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, January, 1995

"Mapping Ozone in the Eastern United States" (I. Zurbenko, S.T. Rao, and R. Henry), Environmental Manager, February, 1995.

"Turning Brain Drain into Brain Gain to Solve Environmental Problems" (S. Majumdar, P. Bhattacharya and S.T. Rao) Environmental Manager, June, 1995.

"Moderating the Influence of Meteorology on Ambient Ozone Concentrations" (J. Flaum, S.T. Rao, and I. Zurbenko), Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, January, 1996.

"Dealing with the Ozone Non-attainment Problem in the Northeastern United States" (S.T. Rao, I. Zurbenko, P.S. Porter, M. Ku and R. Henry), Environmental Manager, January, 1996.

"US-India Workshop on Environmental Risk Analysis" (M. Mohan, S.T. Rao, R. Jayanty), Environmental Manager, April, 1996.

"Effects of Uncertainties in Meteorological Inputs on Urban Airshed Model Predictions and Ozone Control Strategies), (G. Sistla, N. Zhou, J.Y. Ku, W. Hao, S.T. Rao, R. Bornstein, F. Freedman, and P. Thunis), Atmospheric Environment, 30: 12, 1996.

"Using Uncensored Trace Level Measurements to Detect Trends in Ground Water Contamination", (M. Dakins, P.S. Porter, M. West and S.T. Rao), Water Resources Bulletin, August, 1996.

"Detecting Discontinuities in Time Series of Upper Air Data: Demonstration of an Adaptive Filter Technique" (I. Zurbenko, P.S. Porter, S.T. Rao, R. Gui, and J.Y. Ku), Journal of Climate, December 1996.

"Uncertainties in Estimating Mixing Depth - Comparing Three Mixing-Depth Models with Profiler Measurements" (S. Berman, J.Y. Ku, J. Zhang, and S.T. Rao), Atmospheric Environment, Vol 31, No. 18., pp 3023-3039, 1997.

"Discerning Changes in Anthropogenic Ozone in the Presence of Meterological Fluctuations" (M. Milanchus, S.T. Rao, and I. Zurbenko) Environmental Manager, July, 1997.

"Separating Different Scales of Motion in Time Series of Meteorological Variables" (R. Eskridge, J.Y. Ku, S.T. Rao, S. Porter, and I. Zurbenko) Bulletin of the Amererican Meteorological Society., July, 1997.

"Space and Time Scales in Ambient Ozone Data" (S.T. Rao, I. Zurbenko, R. Neadu, P. Porter, J. Ku, and R. Henry) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, October, 1997.

"Small Sample Properties of Nonparametric Bootstrap T Confidence Intervals" (P.S. Porter, S. T. Rao, J.Y. Ku, and R. Peroit) Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, November, 1997.

"Evaluating the Effectiveness of Ozone Management Efforts in the Presence of Meteorological Variability" (M. Milanchus, S.T. Rao, and I. Zurbenko) Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, March 1998.

"A Trajectory-Clustering-Correlation Methodology for Examining the Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants" (E. Brankov, S.T. Rao, and P.S. Porter) Atmospheric Environment, April 1998.

"Ozone Air Quality over North America: A Review of Trend Detection Techniques and Assessments" (S.T. Rao, P.S. Porter, I.G. Zurbenko, G.T. Wolff, and A.M. Dunker), Prepared for NARSTO Assessment., 1998.

"Detecting Trends and Biases in Time Series of Ozonesonde Data" (C. Hogrefe, S.T. Rao, and I. G. Zurbenko) Atmospheric Environment, July 1998.

"Estimating cost effectiveness of residual yard trees for improving air quality in Sacramento, California, using existing models" (D.J. Nowak, C.A. Cardelino, S.T. Rao, and H. Taha) Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38: 14/15, pp 2709-2711, 1998.

"Meteorological Processes and Ozone Exceedances during the July 13-15 Episode" (J. Zhang, S.T. Rao, and S.M. Daggupaty) Journal of Applied Meteorology, August 1998.

"Attributing changes in ozoneto changes in emissions in the presence of meteorological fluctuations" (D. Chan, S.T. Rao, I. Zurbenko, and P.S. Porter) In Air Pollution VII, WIT Press, July, March 1999.

"Identifying Pollution Source Regions Using Multiply Censored Data" (E. Brankov, S.T. Rao, and P.S. Porter), Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 33, No. 13, 1999.

"Spatial and Temporal Variations in Mixing Heights over the Northeastern United States" (S. Berman, J.Y. Ku, and S.T. Rao), Journal of Applied Meteorology, December 1999.

"The Role of Vertical Mixing in the Temporal Evolution of the Ground-level Ozone Concentrations" (J. Zhang and S.T. Rao) Journal of Applied Meteorology, December 1999.

"An Analysis of the Meteorological and Air Quality Conditions During an Extreme Ozone Episode over the Northeastern USA" (K. Lagouvardos, G. Kallos, V. Kotrani, and S.T. Rao) International Journal of Environment and Pollution, Vol 14, Nos. 1-6, 2000, pp 581-587.

"Effects of Changes in Data Reporting Practices on Trend Assessments" (R. Henry, S.T. Rao, I. Zurbenko, and P.S. Porter) Atmospheric Environment, April 2000.

"The Effects of Land Use in Meteorological Modeling: Implications for Assessment of Future Air Quality Scenarios" (K. Civerolo, G. Sistla, S.T. Rao, and D. Nowak), Atmospheric Environment, April 2000.

"The Impact of Urban Trees on Ozone in the Northeastern United States" (D. Nowak, K. Civerolo, S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, C. Luley, and D. Crane), Atmospheric Environment, April 2000.

"Interpreting Information in Ozone Observations and Model Predictions Relevant to Regulatory Policies in the eastern United States" (C. Hogrefe, S.T. Rao, I. Zurbenko, and P.S. Porter) Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, September 2000.

"A Comparitive Evaluation of Simulated and Observed Ozone Levels in Rural Areas of the Eastern United States" (G. Sistla, K. Civerolo, W. Hao, and S.T. Rao) Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, February 2001.

"Ozone Air Quality over North America: Part I - A Review of Reported Trends" (G.T. Wolff, A.M. Dunker, S.T. Rao, P.S. Porter, and I.G. Zurbenko), Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, February 2001.

"Ozone Air Quality over North America: Part II - An Analysis of Trend Detection and Attribution Techniques" (P.S. Porter, S.T. Rao, I.G. Zurbenko, G.T. Wolff, and A.M. Dunker), Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, February 2001.

"Uncertainties in Episodic Ozone Modeling Stemming from Uncertainties in the Meteorological Fields" (J. Biswas and S.T. Rao) Journal of Applied Meteorology, February 2001.

"An Operational Evaluation of Two Regional-Scale Ozone Air Quality Modeling Systems for the Eastern United States" (G. Sistla, W. Hao, J.Y. Ku, G. Kallos, K. Lagouvardos, K. Zhang, H. Mao, and S.T. Rao) Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, April 2001.

"Numerical Investigation of Boundary Layer Evolution and Nocturnal Low-Level Jets: Local Versus Non-Local PBL Schemes" (K. Zhang, M. Ku, H. Mao, K. Civerolo, S.T. Rao, C.R. Philbrick, R. Clark, and B. Doddridge) Journal of Environ. Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 1, No.2, June 2001.

"Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Boundary-Layer Evolution on the Predictions of Ozone and the Efficacy of Emission Control Strategies in the Northeastern United States" (M. Ku, K. Zhang, H. Mao, K. Civerolo, S.T. Rao, C.R. Philbrick, R. Clark, and B. Doddridge) Journal of Environ. Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 1, No.2, June 2001.

"Demonstrating Attainment of the Air Quality Standards: Integration of Observations and Model Outputs into the Probabilistic Framework" (C. Hogrefe and S.T. Rao) Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, July 2001.

"Assessing the Impacts of the Acid Rain Control Program" (K. Civerolo, E. Brankov, W. Hao, S.T. Rao, and I.G. Zurbenko) Atmospheric Environment, August 2001.

"Evaluating the Regional-Scale Photochemical Modeling Systems: Part I - Meteorological Predictions" (C. Hogrefe, J. Biswas, S.T. Rao, and P. Kasibhatla) Atmospheric Environment, August 2001.

"Evaluating the Regional-Scale Photochemical Modeling Systems: Part II - Ozone Predictions" (C. Hogrefe, J. Biswas, S.T. Rao, and P. Kasibhatla) Atmospheric Environment, August 2001.

"Evaluating the Regional-Scale Photochemical Modeling Systems: Part III - Predictions of Precursors and Ozone Precursor Relationships" (J. Biswas, C. Hogrefe, S.T. Rao, and P. Kasibhatla) Atmospheric Environment, 35, pp 4175-4188, 2001.

"Do We Understand the Trends in Sulfur Species?" (N. Reid et al.) Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, November, 2001.

"Space-Time Analysis of Acid Deposition in the Eastern United States" (K. Civerolo and S.T. Rao) Atmospheric Environment, November 2001.

"Discussion on linear trend analysis: a comparison of methods by Hess et al. , Atmos. Env. 35, 5211-5222, 2001" (Porter, P. S., S. T. Rao, and C. Hogrefe), Atmospheric Environment, 36, 3055 - 3056, 2002.

"An evaluation of the UAM-V predicted concentrations of carbon momoxide and reactive nitrogen compounds over the eastern United States" ((G. Sistla, R. Henry, K. Civerolo, W. Hao, and S.T. Rao) Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, November 2002

"Boundary-Layer Evolution and Its Influence on Ground-Level Ozone Concentrations" (G.A. Athanassiadis, S.T. Rao, J.Y. Ku, and R. Clark), Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2:339-357, 2003.

"Assessing the Effects of Trans-boundary Pollution Between Ontario, Canada and New York, USA" (E. Brankov, R. Henry, K. Civerolo, W. Hao, S.T. Rao, P.K. Misra, R. Bloxam, and N. Reid), Environ. Poll., 123:403-411, 2003.

"Analysis of Ambient, Precipitation-Weighted, and Lake Sulfur Concentrations in the Adirondack Region of New York" (K. Civerolo, E. Brankov, S.T. Rao, K. Roy, G.P. Lewis, and P. Galvin), Environ. Poll., 123:337-345, 2003.

"Spatial and temporal variations in the trace elemental data over the northeastern United States" (G. Athanssiades and S.T. Rao), Environ. Poll., 123:439-449, 2003.

"Evaluating the Performance of Regional-Scale Meteorological Models: Effect of Clouds Simulation on Temperature Prediction" (Liu, G., C. Hogrefe, and S. T. Rao), Atmospheric Environment, 37:1425-1433, 2003.

"A Comparison of Four Techniques for Separating Different Time Scales in Atmospheric Variables" (Hogrefe, C., S. Vempaty, S. T. Rao, and P. S. Porter), Atmospheric Environment, 37:313-325, 2003.

"The Airshed for Ozone and Fine Particle Pollution in the Northeastern United States" (K. Civerolo, H. Mao, and S.T. Rao) Pure and Applied Geophysics, 160:81-105, 2003.

"Summertime Characteristics of the Planetary Boundary Layer over the Eastern United States and Relationships to Ambient Ozone Levels" (S.T. Rao, J.Y. Ku, S. Berman,K. Zhang, H. Mao) Pure and Applied Geophysics, 160:21-55, 2003.

"An Approach for the Aggregation of Aerodynamic Surface Parameters in Calculating the Turbulent Fluxes over Heterogeneous Surface in Atmospheric Models" (D.T. Mihailovic, S.T. Rao, C. Hogrefe, and R. Clark), Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 2 (4):315-337, 2003.

"Probabilistic Assessment of Regional Scale Ozone Pollution in the Eastern United States" (Gego, E., C. Hogrefe, S.T. Rao, and P. S. Porter), NATO Science Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

"Homeland security: Managing the risks" (S.T. Rao), EM Magazine, February 2004.

"Environmental research in response to 9/11 and homeland security" (A. Vette, S. Gavett, S. Perry, D. Heist, A. Huber, M. Lorber, P. Lioy, P. Georgopoulos, S.T. Rao, W. Petersen, B. Hicks, J. Irwin, and G. Foley), EM Magazine, February 2004.

"Examination of model predictions at different grid resolutions" (E. Gego, C. Hogrefe, G. Kallos, A. Voudouri, J. Irwin, and S.T. Rao), To Appear in Environ. Fluid Mechanics, 2005.

"Assessing the compatibility of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium concentrations measured by three air quality monitoring networks in the United States" (E. Gego, C. Hogrefe, P.S. Porter, J. Irwin, and S.T. Rao), To Appear in Pure & Applied Geophysics, 2005.

“Understanding the interactions of climate change and air quality” (S.T. Rao), EM Magazine, October 2005

“Air quality and climate change: Dual challenges for the 21st century” (W. Pennell, J. Scheraga, S.T. Rao, and G. Foley), EM Magazine, October 2005.

“Temporal features in observed and simulated meteorology and air quality over the eastern United States” (C. Hogrefe, P.S. Porter, E. Gego, A. Gillilanad, R. Gilliam, J. Swall, J. Irwin, and S.T. Rao), Atmospheric Environment, 2006.

“Alternative methods for evaluating meteorological models used in air quality applications” (R. Gilliam, C. Hogrefe, and S.T. Rao), Atmospheric Environment, 2006.

“Understanding the relationships between air quality and human health” (S.T. Rao) EM Magazine, September 2006.

“Evaluating the impact of nitrogen oxides emission reduction on ozone air quality over the eastern United States” (E. Gego, P.S. Porter, A. Gilliland, and S.T. Rao), Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, NOAA-EPA Golden Jubilee Special Issue, July 2007.

“Dynamic evaluation of air quality models: Assessing changes in ozone induced by changes in emissions and meteorology” (A. Gilliland, C. Hogrefe, R. Pinder, J. Godowitch, and S.T. Rao), Accepted Atmospheric Environment, November 2007.

“Bias-adjustment techniques for improving ozone air quality forecasts” (D. Kang, R. Mathur, S.T. Rao, and S. Yu). In review, J. Geophy. Res., December 2007.

“Linking air, land, and water pollution for effective environmental management” (S.T. Rao), EM Magazine, Dec 2007.

“Influence of point source NOx emission reductions on modeled processes governing ozone concentrations and chemical-transport indicators” (J. Godowitch, C. Hogrefe, A. Gilliland, and S.T. Rao), Geophysical Research, 2008.

“Modeling assessment of point source NOx emission reductions on ozone air quality in the eastern United States” (J. Godowitch, A. Gilliland, R. R. Draxler, and S.T. Rao), Atmospheric Environment, January 2008.

“Evaluation of real-time PM2.5 forecasts and process analysis fot PM2.5 formation over the eastern United States using the Eta-CMAQ forecast model during the 2004 ICARTT study” (S. Yu, R. Mathur, K. Schere, D. Kang, J. Pleim, J. Young, D. Tong, G. Pouliot, S.A. McKeen, and S.T. Rao), J. Geophys. Res., 113, D06204, doi:10.1029/2007JD009226, 2008.

“Modeling analysis of the effects of nitrogen-oxide emsiion reductions on ozone air quality over the eastern United States” (E. Gego, P.S. Porter, A. Gilliland, C. Hogrefe, J. Godowitch, and S.T. Rao), J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., April 2008.

“Transboundary air pollution” (S.T. Rao, C. Hogrefe, T. Holloway, and G. Kallos). Chapter 3 in World Atlas of Air Pollution, Anthem Press, UK, May 2008.

“Exposure science and its applications for effective environmental management” (S.T. Rao) EM Magazine, July 2008.

“The role of exposure science in air quality management” (T. Watkins, S.T. Rao, and R. Wyzga) EM Magazine, July 2008.

“Diagnostic evaluation of air quality models: Examining the influence of point source NOx emission reductions on modeled processes governing ozone concentrations and chemical-transport indicators” (J. Godowitch, C. Hogerefe, and S.T. Rao), J. Geophy. Res., 2008

“Assessment of bias-adjusted NAQFC PM2.5 air quality forecasts over the continental United States” (D. Kang, D., R. Mathur, and S.T. Rao) GMD, 2009.

“Demonstration of the use of national air quality forecast guidance for developing local air quality index forecasts” (B. Eder, D. Kang, S.T. Rao, R. Mathur, S. Yu, T. Otte, K. Schere, R. Wayland, S. Jackson, P. Davidson, J. McQueen, and G. Bridger). Bull. of the Amer. Meteor. Soc., 2009.

“A Framework for evaluating regional-scale numerical photochemical modeling systems” (R. Dennis, T. Fox, M. Fontes, A. Gilliland, S. hanna, C. Hogrefe, J. Irwin, S.T. Rao, R. Scheffe, K. Schere, D. Steyn, and A. Venkatram). Accepted Env. Fluid. Mech., 2009.

“A comparison of statistical techniques for combining modeled and observed concentrations to create high-resolutions ozone air quality surfaces” (V.Garcia, E. Gego, K. Foley, D. Holland, and S.T. Rao) Submitted to the J. Air & waste Manage. Assoc., June 2009.

“Assessment of the changes in NOx emissions and ambient concentrations from the dynamic evaluation perspective” (J. Godowitch, G. Pouliot, and S.T. Rao) Submitted to Atm. Environ., October 2009.

“Environmental monitoring and modeling needs in the 21st century” (S.T. Rao) EM Magazine, October 2009.

“Assessing Multi-year Changes in Modeled and Observed NOX Concentrations from a Dynamic Evaluation Perspective” (J. Godowich, G. Pouliot, and S.T. Rao), Atmospheric Environment, Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, 44, (24:2894-2901, (2010)

"Dynamic evaluation of a regional air quality model: Assessing the weekly cycle in the observations and model outputs" (T. Pierce, C. Hogrefe, S.T. Rao, P.S. Porter, and J.Y. Ku). Atmospheric Environment, Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, 44 (20):3583-3596, (2010).

"Assessment of bias-adjusted NAQFC PM2.5 air quality forecasts over the continental United States during 2007" (D. Kang, R. Mathur, and S.T. Rao) Geoscientific. Model Development, Copernicus Publications, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany, (3)1:309-320, (2010).

"Real-time bias-adjusted O3 and PM2.5 air quality index forecasts and their performance evaluations over the continental United States" (D. Kang, R. Mathur, and S.T. Rao), Atmospheric Environment, 18:2203-2212 (2010).

"A Framework for Evaluating Regional-Scale Numerical Photochemical Modeling Systems" (R.Dennis, T. Fox, M.Fuentes, A.Gilliland, S. Hanna, C. Hogrefe, J.Irwin, S.T. Rao, R. Scheffe, K.Schere, D. Steyn, and A.Venkatram), Environmental Fluid Mechanics, Springer, New York, NY, 10(4):471-489, (2010).

"Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XX", NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - C: Environmental Secutiy. Edited by D. Steyn and S.T. Rao. 2010.

"Moving Toward an Integrated Transdisciplinary Approach to Solving Environmental Problems, EM: Air and Qaste Management Association Magazine for Environmental Managers, Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, (11):5, (2010).

Conferences/Symposia Articles:

A Note on the Sea Breeze Regime", (S.T. Rao and P. Samson), Proceedings of the Conference on Environmental Modeling and Simulation, USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, April, 1976.

"New York State Research on Automobile Pollutant Dispersion", (S.T. Rao) presented at the EPA Catalyst Research Program, Hendersonville, NC, February, 1977.

"Structure of Turbulence Generated by Flow Over a Major Highway", (S.T. Rao, L. Sedefian and U. Czapski), presented at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, December, 1977.

"Overview of the NYS-Long Island Expressway Dispersion Experiment", (S.T. Rao, M. Chen, M. Keenan, G. Sistla, P. Samson, D. Romano), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, Jan 1978.

"Sulfate and Lead Concentrations Adjacent to the Long Island Expressway Near Huntington, NY," (M. Keenan, G. Sistla, A. Peddada, P. Samson, and S.T. Rao), Proceedings of the Question of Sulfates Conference, Air Pollution Cont. Assoc., Philadelphia, April, 1978.

"The Long Island Expressway Dispersion Experiment," (W. Petersen and S.T. Rao), Proceedings of the Symposium on Atmospheric Turbulence, Diffusion and Air Pollution, American Meteorological Society, Reno, Nevada, January, 1979.

"The Use of Trajectory Models and Extreme Value Statistics in Estimating the Ozone Impact from Urban Area Emissions," (J. Visalli, S.T. Rao, and J. Wilson), Proceedings of the Second Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, American Meteorologica Society, New Orleans, LA, March, 1980.

"Measurement and Prediction of Traffic-Induced Turbulence and Velocity Changes Near Roadways," (R. Eskridge and S. T. Rao), Proceedings of the Third Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, American Meteorological Society, San Antonio, Texas, January, 1982.

"Modeling Carbon Monoxide Hot Spots Near Roadway Intersections," (S.T. Rao) Proceedings of the 10th Annual North American Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Conference, STAPPA, New York, NY, April, 1984.

"Effect of Traffic Speed on the Ambient Pollutant Concentration Near Roadways," (W. Petersen, R. Eskridge, S.T. Rao, and V. Pagnotti), Proceedings of the 77th Annual Meeting of the Air Poll. Cont. Assoc., San Francisco, June, 1984.

"Turbulent Diffusion Behind Vehicles: Experiments and Verification of Roadway Models," (R. Eskridge, W. Petersen, S.T. Rao, and G. Sistla), Proceedings of the 77th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, June, 1984.

"Examination of the Performance of RAM with the RAPS Data Base," (S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, V. Pagnotti, W. Petersen, J. Irwin, and D.B. Turner), Proceedings of the 77th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, San Francisco, June, 1984.

"Resampling and Extreme Value Statistics in Air Quality Model Evaluation," (S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, V. Pagnotti, W. Petersen, J. Irwin, and D.B. Turner), Proceedings of the Joint AMS/APCA Conference on Air Pollution Meteorology, Portland, Oregon, October, 1984.

"Evaluation, Selection, and Economic Assessment of Control Strategies for Acid Deposition" (H. Hovey, E. Davis, G. Sistla, P. Galvin, S.T. Rao, and R. Twaddell), Proceedings of the 78th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Assoc., Detroit, MI, June, 1985.

"Application of Two Long-Range Transport Models to New York State's Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Policy" (P. Galvin, G. Sistla, S.T. Rao, and H. Hovey), Proceedings of the 78th Annual Meeting of the Air Poll. Contr. Assoc., Detroit, MI, June, 1985.

"Application of Long-Range Transport Models to the Development of a Sulfur Emissions Policy" (P. Galvin, G. Sistla, and S.T. Rao), Proceedings of the Internatl Symposium on Acidic Precipitation, Muskoka,, Canada, September 1985.

"Cost of Sulfur Emissions Reduction: A Case Study for New York State" (G. Sistla, P. Galvin, and S.T. Rao), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Acidic Precipitation, Muskoka, Ontario, Canada, Sept 15-20, 1985.

"Evaluation of the Performance of Air Pollution Models," (S.T. Rao), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Recent Advances in Numerical Modeling for the Dispersion of Atmospheric Pollutants, New Delhi, India, January 1986.

"Acidic Deposition Events and Their Relationship to Precipitation Amounts, Concentration, and Meteorological Episodes," (P. Galvin, V. Pagnotti, and S.T. Rao), Transactions for the Specialty Conference on Meteorology of Acid Precipitation, March 17-20, 1986.

"Temporal and Spatial Variability of Acidic Deposition Events," (P. Galvin, M. Ku, S.T. Rao, and V. Pagnotti), Proceedings of the APCA/AMS Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Research Triangle Park, October 1986.

"Assessment of the Ozone Problem in the New York Metropolitan Area," (S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, R. Twaddell, and N. Possiel), Proceedings of the North AmericanOxidant Symposium, Quebec City, Canada, February, 1987.

"Examination of the Urban Airshed Model Performance in the New York Metropolitan Area," (S.T. Rao, et al.), Proceedings of the 80th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, New York City, June, 1987.

"Assessment of the Ozone SIP Strategies in the New York Metropolitan Area" (S.T. Rao, et al.), Proceedings of the APCA International Specialty Conference on the Scientific and Technical Issues Facing Post-1987 Ozone Control Strategies, Hartford, CT, November, 1987.

"Evaluation of Post-1987 Ozone Control Strategies with the Urban Airshed Model" (R. Miles-McLean, S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, R. Twaddell, and E. Davis), Proceedings of the APCA International Spealty Conference on the Scientific and Technical Issues Facing Post-1987 Ozone Control Strategies, Hartford, CT, November, 1987.

"Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ozone Concentrations in the New York Metropolitan Region" Proceedings of the APCA International Spealty Conference on the Scientific and Technical Issues Facing Post-1987 Ozone Control Strategies, Hartford, CT, November, 1987.

"Sensitivity Analysis of the Urban Airshed Model" (S.T. Rao and G. Sistla), Proceedings of the APCA International Spealty Conference on the Scientific and Technical Issues Facing Post-1987 Ozone Control Strategies, Hartford, CT, November, 1987.

"Modeling Photochemical Oxidants in the Urban Environment" (S.T. Rao and G. Sistla), Proceedings of the International Conference on Tropical Micro-Meteorology and Air Pollution, New Delhi, India, February, 1988.

"Evaluation of the Urban Airshed Model with Recent Field Measurements in New York" (S.T. Rao), Presented at the US/FRG Workshop on the Photochemical Ozone Problem and Its Control, Cologne, West Germany, May, 1988.

"Dispersion of Dense Gas Releases in a Wind Tunnel" (W. Petersen, W. Snyder, J. Ku, and S.T. Rao), Proceedings of the NATO/CCMS Meeting, Cambridge, England, September, 1988.

"Nested Grid Modeling Approach for Assessing Ozone Air Quality" (S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, J. Ku, K. Schere, J. Godowitch, and R. Scheffe), Proceedings of the1989 Annual AWMA Meeting, Anaheim, CA, June 1989.

"On the Problems of Ozone Compliance in the Northeastern Urban Corridor" (T. Allen, S.T. Rao, and G. Sistla), Proceedings of the 1989 Annual AWMA Meeting, Anaheim, CA, June 1989.

"Uncertainties in the Assessment of Toxic Air Contaminants" (S.T. Rao and K.S. Rao), U.S.-India Workshop on Environmental Risk Analysis, New Delhi, December 1989.

"On the Treatment of Ambient Pollutant Concentrations Below the Limit of Detection" (S.T. Rao, J.Y. Ku, and K.S. Rao), U.S.-India Workshop on Environmental Risk Analysis, New Delhi, December 1989.

"Sampling Strategies for the Measurement of Toxic Air Contaminants" (S.T. Rao, J.Y. Ku, and K.S. Rao), U.S.-India Workshop on Environmental Risk Analysis, New Delhi, December 1989.

"Analysis of Air Pollutant Concentrations Below the Detection Limit" (S.T. Rao, J.Y. Ku, and K.S. Rao), Proceedings of the EPA/AWMA Interntl Symposium on Measurement of Air Toxic and Related Pollutants, Raleigh, NC, May1990.

"Sensitivity Analysis of a Nested Ozone Air Quality Model" (S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, and J. Godowitch), Proceedings of the AMS/AWMA Joint Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, New Orleans, LA, January, 1991.

"Sensitivity Analysis of the Urban Airshed Model Nested with the Regional Oxidant Model" (G. Sistla, S.T. Rao, D. Doll and E. Meyer), Proceedings of the NATO/CCMS Meeting, Ierapetra, Crete, Greece, October, 1991.

"On the Use of Numerical Photochemical Models for Ozone Attainment Demonstration" (S.T. Rao and G. Sistla), Proceedings of the NATO/CCMS Meeting, Ierapetra, Crete, Greece, October, 1991.

"Air Quality Management in New York" (S.T. Rao), Invited Paper on Air Quality Management Programs: An International Workshop on Lessions Learned, Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy & Petroleos Mexicanos, Mexico, October, 1991.

"Estimation of Central Tendency from Multiply-Censored Air Monitoring Data" (S.T. Rao and P.S. Porter), Proceedings of the EPA/A&WMA International Symposium on Measurement of Toxic and Related Pollutants, Durham, NC, May, 1992.

"On the Design of the Modeling Domain for the Regulatory Application of the Urban Airshed Model" (G. Sistla, R. Henry, and S.T. Rao), Proceedings of the Annual Air & Waste Mgmt. Assoc. Meeting, Kansas City, Kansas, June, 1992.

"Examination of the Efficacy of VOC and NOx Emissions Reductions on Ozone Improvement in the Northeastern United States as Predicted by Regional and Urban Models" (S.T. Rao, K. John, G. Sistla, N. Zhou, W. Hao, K. Schere, S. Resolle, N. Possiel, R. Schefe, and G. Carmichael), Proceedings of the 20th NATO-CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications, Valencia, Nov. 1993.

"Sensitivity of the UAM-predicted Ozone Concentrations to Wind Fields in the New York Metropolitan Area" (G. Sistla, J. Ku, N. Zhou, W. Hao, S.T. Rao, P. Thunis, R. Bornstein, and F. Freedman), Proceedings of the A&WMA's Regional Photochemical Measurement & Modeling Studies Conference, San Diego, Nov. 1993.

"Sensitivity of the Urban Airshed Model to Spatially Varying Mixing Height Profile: (S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, J. Ku, N. Zhou, W. Hao), Proceedings of the A&WMA's Regional Photochemical Measurement & Modeling Studies Conference, San Diego, Nov. 1993.

"Urban Airshed Model Simulations of NOx and VOC Emission Reductions in the New York Airshed" (R.D. Scheffe, S.T. Rao, G. Sistla,, and K. Schere), Proceedings of the A&WMA's Regional Photochemical Measurement & Modeling Studies Conference, San Diego, Nov. 1993.

"Relating Changes in Ozone Concentrations to Changes in Emissions in the Presence of Meterological Fluctuations" (E. Zalewsky, S.T. Rao, and I. Zurbenko), Proceedings AWMA Conf. on Ozone: Critical Issues, Orlando,FL, May 1994.

"Sensitivity of the Urban Airshed Model to the Boundary Conditions" (G. Sstla, N. Zhou, W. Hao, S.T. Rao, K. Schere, and K. Alapaty), Proceedings of the Joint AMS & AWMA Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Atlana, January 1995.

"Uncertainty in the Estimation of the Mixing Height and its Impact on Ozone Control Strategies" (S.T. Rao, J.Y. Ku, N. Zhou, and G. Sistla), Proceedings of the Air Pollution '95 Conference, Porto Carras, Greece, September, 1995.

"On the Assessment of Ozone Control Policies for the Northeastern United States" (S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, W. Hao, K. John, and J. Biswas), Proceedings of the NATO/CCMS Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications XI, Eds. S.E. Gryning and F. Schiermeier, Plenum Press, 1996.

"Integrating Observations and Modeling in Ozone Management Efforts" (S.T. Rao, et al.) Proceedings of the NATO-CCMS Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications XII, Ed. S.E. Gryning, Plenum Press, May 1997.

"Filtering the Effects of Meteorology on Ambient Ozone Concentrations" (M. Milanchus, S.T. Rao, and I. Zurbenko), Proceedings of the 1997 Annual A&WMA Meeting, Toronto, June 1997.

"An Integrated Modeling and Observational Approach for Evaluating the Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants" (S.T. Rao), Invited Lead Paper, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Asian Monsoon and Pollution over the Monsoon Environment, Co-sponsored by the Amer. Meteor. Soc., December 1997, New Delhi, India.

"Atmospheric Transport of Trace Level Toxic Pollutants" (E. Brankov, S.T. Rao, and P.S. Porter) Proceedings of the 10th Joint AMS/AWMA Conference on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Phoenix, AZ, January 1998.

"An Integrated Observational and Modeling Approach for Designing Ozone Control Strategies over the Eastern United States" (S.T. Rao et al.) Invited Paper, Proceedings of the NATO-CCMS Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications XII, Ed. S.E. Gryning, Plenum Press, September 1998.

"Seasonal Photochemical Modeling over the Eastern United States: Model Performance on Different Space and Time Scales and Implications to the Use of Models in a Regulatory Setting" (C. Hogrefe, S.T. Rao, and I. Zurbenko), Proceedings of the 1999 Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society, Dallas, TX, Januray 1999

"Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Ozone, Precurors, and Indicator Species over the Eastern United States" (J. Biswas, C. Hogrefe, S.T. Rao, and W. Hao), Proceedings of the 1999 Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society, Dallas, TX, Januray 1999.

"Information in ozone observations and model predictions on different time scales" (C. Hogrefe, S.T. Rao, I. Zurbenko, and P.S. Porter), Proceedings of the 1999 Annual Meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association, St. Loius, MS, June 1999.

"A diagnostic assessment of the UAM-V photochemical model with two meteorological drivers: RAMS3b Versus MM5" (J. Biswas and S.T. Rao), Proceedings of the 1999 Annual Meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association, St. Loius, MS, June 1999.

"Linking changes in ozone to changes in meteorology and emissions" (D. Chan, S.T. Rao, I. Zurbenko, and P. Porter) Air Pollution 99, International Conference organized by the Wessex Institute of Technology, UK., July 1999.

"Evaluating the regional-scale photochemical modeling systems and using them in emissions management decisions" (S.T. Rao) Invited Paper, International Conference on Air Quality Management, Brunei, November 1999.

"Sensitivity of the regional ozone modeling results to meteorological fields" (J. Biswas, S.T. Rao, K. Zhang, and N. Seaman), Proceedings of the Joint AMA/AWMA Meeting on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Long Beach, CA, January, 2000.

"Evaluating meteorological input variables for seasonal photochemical modeling on different time scales (C. Hogrefe and S.T. Rao), Proceedings of the Joint AMA/AWMA Meeting on Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, Long Beach, CA, January, 2000.

"How should the photochemical modeling systems be used in guiding emissions management decisions?" (S.T. Rao et al), Proceedings of the NATO-CCMS Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications XIII, Ed. S.E. Gryning, Plenum Press, May 2000.

"Effects on boundary-layer growth on photochemical modeling simulations" (J.Y. Ku, K. Zhang, and S.T. Rao), Proceedings of the AWMA meeting on the Measurement of Toxic Pollutants, September 2000.

"How to use the photochemical modeling systems in designing emission control strategies" (S.T. Rao, C. Hogrefe, P. Kasibhatla, and D.A. Hansen), Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Clean Air & Environment, Australia, November 2000.

"Transforming deterministic air quality modeling results into probabilistic form for policy-making" (S.T. Rao and C. Hogrefe), Proceedings of the 25th NATO-CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, October 2001.

"Using current generation meteorological/photochemical modeling systems for real-time ozone forecasting" (C. Hogrefe, S.T. Rao, and K. Demerjian), Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Probability and Statistics in the Atmospheric Sciences, American Meteorological Society, Orlando, FL, January 2002.

"An experimental air quality forecast modeling system (AQFMS) for the northeastern United States" (C. Cai, C. Hogrefe, J. Biswas, S.T. Rao, N. Seaman, A. Gibbs, G. Kallos, P. Kastafodos, C. walcek, J. Chang, and K. Demerjian), Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society, Orlando, FL, January 2002.

"Temporal and spatial variability of predicted ozone production efficiencies over the eastern United States", Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association, June 2002.

"An Analysis of Trends in Ozone Air Quality Over the Northeastern United States" (S.T. Rao and E. Zalewsky), Final Project Report to the Maryland Department of the Environment, Baltimore, MD, November 2001.

"Integrating observations and model predictions in designing emission control strategies" (S.T. Rao), Invited Presentation at the EMEP/LOOP Workshop, Bern, Switzerland, December 2001.

"Using air quality models for emissions management decisions" (S.T. Rao), Invited presentation at the Uncertainty Treatment in Integrated Assessment Modelling Workshop, UN/ECE Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modelling, IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, January 2002.

"Using current generation meteorological-photochemical modeling systems for real-time ozone forecasting" (C. Hogrefe, S.T. Rao, and K. Demerjian), Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Probability and Statistics in the Atmospheric Sciences, Orlando, FL, January 13-17, 2002.

"An experimental air quality forecast modeling system (AQFMS) for the northeastern United States: A demonstration study" (C. Cai, C. Hogrefe, J. Biswas, S.T. Rao, N. Seaman, A. Gibbs, G. Kallos, P. Katsafados, C. Walcek, J. Chang, and K.L. Demergian), Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Atmospheric Chemistry: Urban, Regional and Global-scale Impacts of Air Pollution, Orlando, FL, January 13-17, 2002.

"Temporal and spatial variability of ozone production efficiencies over the eastern United States" Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Air & Waste Management Association, Baltimore, MD, June 23-27, 2002.

"Land air surface scheme (LAPS) for use in urban modeling" (J. Lazic, D.T. Mihailovich, S.T. Rao, and C. Hogerefe), International Environmental Modelling and Software Society's Conference, Lugano, Switzerland, June 24-27, 2002.

"Spatial analysis of meteorological and air quality observations and model predictions" (S.T. Rao), Invited presentation at the RAMS Workshop, Santorini Island, Greece, September 2002.

"Using regional-scale photochemical models for guiding emissions management decisions" (S.T. Rao), Invited Presentation at the US-Germany Workshop on Ozone and Fine Particles, Bad Breisig, Germany, October 9-11, 2002.

"Past, present, and future air quality modeling and its applications in the United States" (S.T. Rao), Keynote Address at the International Conference on Atmospheric Sciences and Applications to Air Quality (ASAAQ), Tsukuba Science City, Japan, March 2003.

"Comparison of the spce-time signatures of air quality data from different networks" (E. Gego, C. Hogrefe, P.S. Porter, J. Irwin, and S.T. Rao), 26th NATO-CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications, Istanbul, Turkey, May 2003.

"National air quality forecasting: A NOAA-EPA partnership" (S.T. Rao), Invited Presentation at the U.S. Mayors' Environmental Committee Meeting, Chicago, September 9, 2003.

"Integrated use of observations and model outputs in air quality management" (S.T. Rao), Invited Presentation at the 3rd Canadian Workshop on Air Quality, Quebec City, Canada, March 8, 2004.

"Climate-air quality interactions" (S.T. Rao), Presentation at the NOAA Climate Board Meeting, April 9, 2004.

"Using CMAQ in air quality policy decisions: research to applications" (S.T. Rao), Presentation to the Office of Management and Budget: Environmental Committee Meeting, Washington, DC, April 21, 2004.

"Federal-state partnerships for enhanced understanding of air quality and health relationships" (S.T. Rao), EPA Science

"Role of models in air quality management" (S.T. Rao), Invited Presentation to the EPA-FACA's Science and Technology Subgroup Meeting, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 9, 2004.

"Use of air quality models in policy-making" (A. Venkatram and S.T. Rao), Presented at the Better Air Quality Symposium, Agra, India, December 6-8, 2004.

"Temporal signatures of observations and model outputs: Do time series decomposition methods capture relevant time scales?" (P.S. Porter, J. Swall, R. Gilliam, E. Gego, C. Hogrefe, A. Gilliland, J. Irwin, and S.T. Rao), 27th NATO-CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications, Banff, Canada, October 2004.

"Evaluating model performance with objective reduction of the space-time dimensionality" (E. Gego, P.S. Porter, C. Hogrefe, R. Gilliam, A. Gilliland, J. Swall, J. Irwin, and S.T. Rao), 26th NATO-CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications, Banff, Canada, October 2004.

"Evaluation of an annual simulation of ozone and particulate matter over the continental United States: Which temporal features are captured?" (C. Hogrefe, J. Jones, A. Gilliland, P.S. Porter, E. Gego, R. Gilliam, J. Swall, J. Irwin, and S.T. Rao), 26th NATO-CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications, Banff, Canada, October 2004.

“Using urban models in designing emission control plans” (A. Venkatram and S.T. Rao), Invited Presentation at the US-India Workshop on Air Pollution, March 2005.

“Role of Models in air quality management” (S.T. Rao), Invited Talk at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, March 2005.

“Linking air quality and human health” (S.T. Rao), Invited Dinner Keynote Address at the International Conference on Atmospheric Sciences And Air Quality, San Francisco, March 2005.

“Integrating air quality data to inform human health decisions” (S.T. Rao), Invited Talk at the EPA-NIEHS Workshop, August 2005.

“Integrated observational and modeling approach to evaluating the effectiveness of emission control strategies” (S.T. Rao), Invited Keynote Address at the International Conference on Mesoscale Processes in Atmosphere, Ocean, and Environmental Systems, New Delhi, India, February 2006.

“Integrated observational and modeling approaches for evaluating the impact of emission control policies”” (J. Godowitch, S.T. Rao, E. Gego, P.S. Porter), 27th NATO-CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications, Leipzig, Germany, May 2006.

“CMAQ assessment of NOx emission reductions in the Northeast U.S.: Offsetting increases in energy use” (P.S. Porter, A. Gilliland, and S.T. Rao), 27th NATO-CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications, Leipzig, Germany, May 2006.

“The relationship between meteorology and NOx emissions from electric generating units in the U.S.” (P.S. Porter and S.T. Rao), 27th NATO-CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applications, Leipzig, Germany, May 2006.

“Evaluating of regional air quality models” (A. Gilliland, C. Hogrefe, J. Godowitch, and S.T. Rao). Presented at the 29th NATO-SPS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application, September 24-28, 2007, Aveiro, Portugal.

“Has the Performance of Regional-Scale Photochemical Modelling Systems Changed Over The Past Decade?” (C. Hogrefe, J.-Y. Ku, G. Sistla, A. Gilliland, J.S. Irwin, P.S. Porter, E. Gégo, P. Kasibhatla, and S.T. Rao). Presented at the 29th NATO-SPS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application, September 24-28, 2007, Aveiro, Portugal.

“Spatial analysis of ozone concentrations: A comparison of different methods” (E. Gego, P.S. Porter, V. Garcia, A. Gilliland, C. Hogrefe, and S.T. Rao). Presented at the 29th NATO-SPS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application, September 24-28, 2007, Aveiro, Portugal.

“AQMEII: A new initiative on air quality model Evaluation” (S.T. Rao, K.L. Schere, S. galmarini, and D. Steyn). Presented at 30th NATO/SPS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application, San Francisco, CA, May 2009.

“On the use of dynamic evaluation approach to assess multi-year changes in modeled and observed urban NOx concentrations” (J. Godowitch, G. Pouliot, and S.T. Rao).. Presented at 30th NATO/SPS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application, San Francisco, CA, May 2009.

“Application of wavelet filters in an evaluation of photochemical model Performance” (P.S. Porter, C. Hogrefe, E. Gégo, K. Foley, J. Godowitch, and S.T. Rao) Presented at 30th NATO/SPS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application, San Francisco, CA, May 2009.

“Examining the impact of regional-scale air quality regulations on human health outcomes” (V. Garcia, E. Gego, R. Jones, S. Lin, C. Pantea, S.T. Rao, and A. Wooten) Presented at 30th NATO/SPS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application, San Francisco, May 2009.

“Impact of the NOX SIP Call on respiratory hospitalizations in New York State” (S. Lin, R. Jones, C. Pantea, V. Garcia, S.T. Rao, S. Hwang, and N. Kim) Presented at 30th NATO/SPS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application, San Francisco, CA, May 2009.

Technical Reports (Peer-Reviewed)

"Dispersion of Pollutants Near Highways: Experimental Design and Data Acquisition Procedures," (S.T. Rao, M. Chen, M. Keenan, G. Sistla, A. Peddada, G. Wotzak, and N. Kolak), EPA-600/4-80-054, June, 1978.

"Dispersion of Pollutants Near Highways: Data Analysis and Model Evaluation," (S.T. Rao, M. Keenan, G. Sistla, and P. Samson), EPA-600/4-79-011, February, 1979.

"Atmospheric Turbulence & Pollutant Dispersion Near Roadways," (S.T. Rao, M. Keenan, G. Sistla, and J. Wilson), EPA-600/4-80-054, December, 1980.

"On the Calibration of Intersection Mid-Block Model for Screening Potential Hot Spots Near Roadway Intersections," (S.T. Rao), New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, October 1983.

"A Policy for New York State to Reduce Sulfur Dioxide Emissions-Draft Environmental Impact Statement" (S.T. Rao et al), New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, July 1984.

"Evaluation of the Performance of Air Quality Models - Project Summary", (S.T. Rao and W. Petersen), U.S. EPA, January, 1985.

"Application of the Urban Airshed Model to New York Metropolitan Area," (S.T. Rao), EPA-450/4-87-011, May, 1987.

"Photochemical Modeling Analysis of Emission Control Strategies in the New York Metropolitan Area" (S.T. Rao, G.Sistla, and R. Twaddell), EPA-230/2-89-026, February 1989.

"Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Pollutant Concentrations Affected by Measurement Uncertainties" (P.S. Porter, S.T. Rao, J.Y. Ku, and R.L. Poirot), NESCAUM Technical Report, Boston, MA, Sept. 1993.

"Modeling Analysis of the Ozone Problem in the Northeast" (K. John, S.T. Rao, G. Sistla, W. Hao, and N. Zhou), EPA 230-R-94-018, November 1994.

"Least-Cost Solutions for Ozone Attainment in New York State: I. Photochemical Modeling Analysis" (S.T. Rao and T.D. Mount), Project Final Report to Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, 1994.

"Application of a Moving Average Filter to Meteorological and Air Quality Problems" (J. Flaum, S.T. Rao, and I. Zurbenko), NOAA Technical Report, National Climatic Data Center, 1996.

"Statistical Characteristics of Spectrally-Decomposed Ambient Ozone Data" (P.S. Porter, S.T. Rao, I. Zurbenko) Final Report to EPA, (http://capita.wustl.edu/otag/reports/StatChar/otagrep.htm), University of Washigton, St. Louis, 1996.

"Least Cost Strategies to Reduce Ozone in the Northeastern Urban Corridor" (G. Dorris, T. Mount, G. Sistla, and S.T. Rao) Project Final Report to New York State Energy Research & Development Authority, November 1998.

"Assessing the Effects of Transboundary Pollution on New York's Air Quality " (S.T. Rao), Project Final Report to New York State Energy Research & Development Authority, NYSERDA Report 03-02, 2002.

"Analysis of Ozone and Fine Particles in the Northeastern United States" (S.T. Rao), Project Final Report to New York State Energy Research & Development Authority, NYSERDA Report 03-04, 2003.

Externally-Funded Research Projects

"Research on Automobile Pollution Dispersion (ROAD)". Funded by U.S.E.P.A. ($200,000). This project also received support in the amount of $76,000 from U.S. Dept. of Transportation through NYS Dept. of Transportation, Principal Investigator. (1975-1979)

"Measurement of Re-suspended Roadway Dust in New York," Funded by U.S. Dept. of Transportation, FHWA, ($12,000), Principal Investigator. (1976-1977)

"Diffusion Analysis of a Line Source (DALS)," Funded by U.S.E.P.A. ($78,000), Principal Investigator. (1977-1979)

"Atmospheric Turbulence & Pollutant Dispersion Near Roadways," Funded by U.S.E.P.A. ($55,000), Principal Investigator. (1979-1980)

"Modeling of Photochemical Oxidants," Funded by U.S.E.P.A. ($50,000), Project Director. (1979-1980)

"Carbon Monoxide: Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling," Funded by U.S.E.P.A. ($50,000), Principal Investigator. (1982-1984)

"Performance Measures for Air Quality Models," Funded by U.S.E.P.A. ($70,000), Principal Investigator. (1983-84)

"New York State Sulfur Emissions Policy - Modeling Phase," Funded by U.S.E.P.A. ($150,000), Project Director. (1983-1984)

"Development and Evaluation of Urban Air Pollution Models," Funded by NOAA ($40,000), Principal Investigator. (1984-1985)

"Oxidant Modeling for New York Metropolitan Area Project (OMNYMAP)," Funded by U.S.E.P.A. ($315,000), Principal Investigator. (1984-1986)

"Evaluation of Strategies for Controlling the Oxidant Problem (SCOPE)," Funded by U.S.E.P.A., ($125,000), Principal Investigator, (1987-1989).

"Photochemical Modeling Evaluation of Urban Ozone Levels (O3PLUME)," Principal Investigator, Funded by U.S.E.P.A., ($105,000). (1989-1991)

"Confidence Intervals for Estimates of Central Tendency from Air Monitoring Data" Co- Principal Investigator, Funded by N.E.S.C.A.U.M., ($20,000), (Feb 1992 - Sept 1992).

"Statistical Techniques for Detecting Trends and Biases in Time Series of Upper Air Data," Principal Investigator, Funded by NOAA, ($200,000), (1992-1995).

"Modeling Analysis of Photochemical Oxidants in the NorthEast (MAPONE)," Principal Investigator, Funded by U.S.E.P.A., ($350,000), (1992-1997).

"Statistical Methods for the Analysis of Trace Level Environmental Data with Multiple Detection Limits," Co-Principal Investigator, Funded by U.S.E.P.A., ($300,000) (1993-1997).

"Implementation of High Performance Air Quality Modeling and Decision Support Systems for the Northeast Ozone Transport Commission" Principal Investigator, Funded by U.S.E.P.A. ($60,000) (1994-1997).

"Least-Cost Solutions for Ozone Attainment in New York State," Principal Investigator, Funded by Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation, ($550,000) (1993-1998).

"Mixing Heights, Ambient Ozone and VOC/NOx Levels, and Their Impact on Ozone Attainment Strategies" Principal Investigator, Funded by ESEERCO, ($300,000) (1994-1998).

"Evaluating Air Quality Effects of Urban Trees: Developing Directionally Sound Programs for Use in State Ozone Attainment Goals" Principal Investigator, Funded by U.S.D.A's Forest Service ($100,000) (1995-1998).

"Least-Cost Options for Ozone Improvement in the Eastern United States" Principal Investigator, Funded by New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, ($287,000) (1996-1998).

"Modeling and Analysis of Ozone in the Eastern United States" Principal Investigator, Funded by EPRI ($526,000) (1996-1999).

"Integrating Modeling and Observational Analysis in Ozone Management Efforts" Principal Investigator, Funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ($370,000) (1996-2000).

"Factors Influencing Ozone and Fine Particles in the Northeast U.S.A." Co-Principal Investigator, A University Consortium Research Grant that involves multiple universities in the Norteast, Funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ($3,000,000) (1998-2001).

"Analysis of Ozone and Fine Particles in the Northeast" Principal Investigator, Funded by New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, ($535,000) (1999-2001).

"Assessing the Effects of Transboundary Pollution on New York's Air Quality" Principal Investigator, Funded by New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, ($400,000) (1999-2001).

"Atmospheric Transport and Fate of Mercury in New York State" Co- Investigator, Funded by New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, ($100,000) (2001-2002).

"Modeling Heat and Air Quality Impacts of Changing Urban Land Uses and Climate over the New York Metro Area" Co-Investigator, Funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ($1,500,000) (2001-2004)

“Detecting Signals in Noisy Air Quality Data”, Principal Investigator, Funded by Air Force Technical Analysis Center, ($150,000) (2005-2008).

Atmospheric Modeling

Research & Development | National Exposure Research Laboratory

Dr. S. Trivikrama (S.T.) Rao

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