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This page provides current data tables for all the measures in America’s Children and the Environment, including downloadable .csv files (a universal spreadsheet format, which can be opened by most spreadsheet programs).

• Environmental Contaminants
• Body Burdens
• Childhood Illnesses
• Special Features
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Environmental Contaminants

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Note that numbers in the spreadsheet files may not exactly match numbers shown in the data tables due to rounding.

Table E1: Percentage of children living in counties in which air quality standards were exceeded

1993-1999
Pollutant	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
Ozone eight-hour standard	59%	63%	64%	64%	63%	65%	65%
PM-10	7.8%	6.4%	11%	4.3%	5.6%	4.7%	7.9%
PM-2.5	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	24%
Carbon monoxide	6.4%	11%	8.3%	7.9%	5.8%	5.3%	5.7%
Lead	2.6%	2.7%	3.4%	2.8%	2.1%	1.8%	2.3%
Sulfur dioxide	0.060%	0.14%	0.033%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.30%
Nitrogen dioxide	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Any standard	60%	64%	65%	65%	63%	66%	68%

2000-2008
Pollutant	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Ozone eight-hour standard	65%	66%	66%	68%	62%	66%	65%	64%	59%
PM-10	6.3%	6.0%	4.8%	7.9%	5.2%	5.0%	5.0%	13%	4.5%
PM-2.5	30%	25%	21%	19%	17%	24%	12%	16%	7.3%
Carbon monoxide	4.4%	1.0%	4.1%	1.0%	0.070%	0.61%	0.49%	0.11%	0.21%
Lead	1.6%	2.2%	1.2%	1.6%	1.2%	1.6%	1.2%	1.5%	1.5%
Sulfur dioxide	0.21%	0.0%	0.045%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0040%	0.053%
Nitrogen dioxide	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Any standard	69%	69%	68%	70%	64%	70%	66%	65%	60%

Addendum 1 to Table E1: Percentage of children living in counties in which air quality standards were exceeded, by race/ethnicity, 2008

	All Races/ Ethnicities	White non- Hispanic	Black non- Hispanic	American Indian/ Alaska Native non- Hispanic	Asian or Pacific Islander non- Hispanic	Hispanic
Ozone eight-hour standard	59%	53%	63%	37%	71%	73%
PM-10	4.5%	3.6%	2.1%	7.7%	6.1%	7.8%
PM-2.5	7.3%	3.8%	5.1%	3.9%	11%	18%
Carbon monoxide	0.21%	0.17%	0.68%	0.060%	0.076%	0.050%
Lead	1.5%	1.7%	1.9%	0.58%	1.4%	1.0%
Sulfur dioxide	0.053%	0.026%	0.0074%	0.030%	0.56%	0.052%
Nitrogen dioxide	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Any standard	60%	53%	63%	39%	72%	74%

Addendum 2 to Table E1: Percentage of children living in counties in which air quality standards were exceeded, by family income, 2008

	All Incomes	< Poverty Level	100- 200% of Poverty Level	> 200% of Poverty Level	≥ Poverty Level
Ozone eight-hour standard	59%	59%	57%	60%	59%
PM-10	4.5%	4.8%	5.0%	4.2%	4.4%
PM-2.5	7.3%	10%	8.8%	6.0%	6.7%
Carbon monoxide	0.21%	0.27%	0.21%	0.20%	0.20%
Lead	1.5%	1.3%	1.3%	1.7%	1.6%
Sulfur dioxide	0.053%	0.071%	0.060%	0.047%	0.050%
Nitrogen dioxide	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%	0.0%
Any standard	60%	59%	57%	61%	60%

Table E2: Percentage of children’s days with good, moderate, or unhealthy air quality

1993-1997
Pollution Level	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997
Good	52%	52%	53%	54%	55%
Moderate	12%	13%	11%	11%	11%
Unhealthy	5.3%	5.5%	6.1%	4.9%	4.6%
No Monitoring Data	30%	30%	30%	30%	30%

1998-2008
Pollution Level	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Good	53%	48%	47%	47%	49%	50%	52%	50%	52%	51%	54%
Moderate	12%	18%	21%	21%	19%	19%	19%	20%	20%	21%	19%
Unhealthy	5.7%	6.3%	5.4%	6.0%	6.7%	5.1%	4.0%	5.1%	4.5%	4.5%	3.2%
No Monitoring Data	30%	28%	27%	26%	25%	25%	25%	24%	24%	24%	23%

Addendum 1 to Table E2: Percentage of children’s days with good, moderate, or unhealthy air quality, by race/ethnicity, 2008

Pollution Level	All Races/ Ethnicities	White non- Hispanic	Black non- Hispanic	American Indian/ Alaska Native	Asian or Pacific Islander	Hispanic
Good	54%	52%	56%	49%	62%	55%
Moderate	19%	16%	22%	15%	25%	27%
Unhealthy	3.2%	2.0%	2.3%	2.2%	4.7%	6.7%
No Monitoring Data	23%	30%	20%	34%	8.3%	11%

Addendum 2 to Table E2: Percentage of children’s days with good, moderate, or unhealthy air quality, by family income, 2008

Pollution Level	All Incomes	< Poverty Level	100-200% of Poverty Level	> 200% of Poverty Level	≥ Poverty Level
Good	54%	52%	51%	56%	54%
Moderate	19%	21%	19%	19%	19%
Unhealthy	3.2%	3.9%	3.6%	2.9%	3.0%
No Monitoring Data	23%	24%	26%	22%	23%

Table E3a: Long-term trends in annual average concentrations of criteria pollutants

1993-1997
	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997
PM-10, percent of annual standard	56%	56%	54%	52%	53%
Nitrogen dioxide, percent of annual standard	41%	44%	42%	40%	38%
Sulfur dioxide, percent of annual standard	19%	19%	15%	15%	15%

1993-1997
	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997
PM-10, percent of annual standard	56%	56%	54%	52%	53%
Nitrogen dioxide, percent of annual standard	41%	44%	42%	40%	38%
Sulfur dioxide, percent of annual standard	19%	19%	15%	15%	15%

2003-2008
	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
PM-10, percent of annual standard*	51%	48%	51%	51%	52%	48%
PM-2.5, percent of annual standard	84%	82%	86%	78%	80%	72%
Nitrogen dioxide, percent of annual standard	34%	31%	31%	29%	28%	27%
Sulfur dioxide, percent of annual standard	11%	11%	11%	9.2%	8.8%	7.7%

*Note: The PM-10 annual standard was revoked in 2006

Addendum 1 to Table E3a: Average concentrations of criteria pollutants, by race/ethnicity, 2008

	All Races/ Ethnicities	White non- Hispanic	Black non- Hispanic	American Indian/ Alaska Native	Asian or Pacific Islander	Hispanic
PM-10, percent of annual standard*	48%	46%	46%	49%	49%	54%
PM-2.5, percent of annual standard	72%	72%	75%	64%	71%	72%
Nitrogen dioxide, percent of annual standard	27%	25%	27%	25%	29%	29%
Sulfur dioxide, percent of annual standard	7.7%	8.6%	8.1%	6.1%	7.5%	6.0%

*Note: The PM-10 annual standard was revoked in 2006

Addendum 2 to Table E3a: Average concentrations of criteria pollutants, by family income, 2008

	All Incomes	< Poverty Level	100-200% of Poverty Level	> 200% of Poverty Level	≥ Poverty Level
PM-10, percent of annual standard*	48%	50%	50%	47%	48%
PM-2.5, percent of annual standard	72%	74%	73%	72%	72%
Nitrogen dioxide, percent of annual standard	27%	28%	27%	26%	26%
Sulfur dioxide, percent of annual standard	7.7%	7.8%	7.4%	7.7%	7.7%

*Note: The PM-10 annual standard was revoked in 2006

Table E3b: Number of children living in counties with high annual averages of criteria pollutants†

1993-1995
	1993	1994	1995
Pollutant	Number of children (thousands)
PM-10
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	3,943	1,659	3,905
Exceeding the long-term standard	34	431	91
Nitrogen dioxide
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	265	272	0
Exceeding the long-term standard	0	0	0
Sulfur dioxide
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	0	0	45
Exceeding the long-term standard	0	0	5

1996-2001
	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
Pollutant	Number of children (thousands)
PM-10
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	2,143	2,356	1,364	2,048	1,763	1,828
Exceeding the long-term standard	57	792	35	684	1,009	211
PM-2.5
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	NA	NA	NA	30,679	36,127	34,026
Exceeding the long-term standard	NA	NA	NA	18,898	19,816	16,957
Nitrogen dioxide
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0	0
Exceeding the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sulfur dioxide
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0	0
Exceeding the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0	0

2002-2008
	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Pollutant	Number of children (thousands)
PM-10*
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	1,940	1,931	759	1,177	2,238	2,249	1,265
Exceeding the long-term standard	225	100	45	13	81	717	54
PM-2.5
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	32,429	31,546	27,413	33,278	24,763	27,022	15,960
Exceeding the long-term standard	12,661	10,847	7,481	14,870	2,523	5,272	957
Nitrogen dioxide
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Exceeding the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sulfur dioxide
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Exceeding the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

*Note: The PM-10 annual standard was revoked in 2006

Addendum 1 to Table E3b: Number of children living in counties with high annual averages of criteria pollutants, by race/ethnicity, 2008

	All Races/ Ethnicities	White non- Hispanic	Black non- Hispanic	American Indian/ Alaska Native	Asian or Pacific Islander	Hispanic
Pollutant	Number of children (thousands)
PM-10*
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	1,265	373	67	15	41	769
Exceeding the long-term standard	54	14	2.1	0.51	1.2	36
PM-2.5
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	15,960	7,385	3,640	64	759	4,110
Exceeding the long-term standard	957	293	45	8.1	54	557
Nitrogen dioxide
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0	0
Exceeding the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0	0
Sulfur dioxide
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0	0
Exceeding the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0	0

*Note: The PM-10 annual standard was revoked in 2006

Addendum 2 to Table E3b: Number of children living in counties with high annual averages of criteria pollutants, by family income, 2008

	All Incomes	< Poverty Level	100-200% of Poverty Level	> 200% of Poverty Level	≥ Poverty Level
Pollutant	Number of children (thousands)
PM-10*
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	1,264	309	346	609	955
Exceeding the long-term standard	54	15	17	22	39
PM-2.5
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	15,960	3,188	3,447	9,324	12,772
Exceeding the long-term standard	957	274	272	412	683
Nitrogen dioxide
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0
Exceeding the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0
Sulfur dioxide
Exceeding 80% of the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0
Exceeding the long-term standard	0	0	0	0	0

*Note: The PM-10 annual standard was revoked in 2006

Table E4: Percentage of children living in counties where estimated hazardous air pollutant concentrations were greater than health benchmarks in 2002

Health Benchmark
Cancer, one in 100,000	100%
Cancer, one in 10,000	5.9%
Other health effects	85%

Table E5: Percentage of children ages 6 and under regularly exposed to secondhand smoke in the home

1994	1998	2003
27%	20%	11%

Table E6: Percentage of children served by community water systems that did not meet all applicable health-based drinking water standards

1993-1997
Type of standard violated	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997
Lead and copper†	2.8%	1.7%	1.9%	1.7%	1.8%
Coliforms	9.0%	7.7%	4.1%	4.3%	3.6%
Chemical and radionuclide	1.7%	1.2%	1.7%	1.1%	1.5%
Nitrate/nitrite	0.27%	0.10%	0.20%	0.20%	0.36%
Surface water treatment and filtration	6.3%	5.6%	4.3%	3.8%	3.4%
All health-based violations	18%	15%	11%	10%	9.6%

1998-2002
Type of standard violated	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002
Lead and copper†	1.5%	1.4%	1.2%	1.1%	0.84%
Coliforms	3.0%	3.2%	3.0%	2.1%	2.6%
Chemical and radionuclide	1.7%	1.2%	1.5%	1.0%	1.7%
Nitrate/nitrite	0.62%	0.28%	0.52%	0.18%	0.18%
Surface water treatment and filtration	2.9%	2.5%	3.3%	1.3%	5.5%
Disinfection byproducts	NA	NA	NA	0.049%	1.4%
All health-based violations	8.4%	7.9%	8.5%	5.4%	11%

2003-2008
Type of standard violated	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Lead and copper†	0.60%	0.85%	0.80%	0.41%	0.42%	0.54%
Coliforms	3.0%	3.4%	3.3%	2.3%	2.4%	2.1%
Chemical and radionuclide	2.0%	2.2%	2.8%	2.5%	2.3%	2.2%
Nitrate/nitrite	0.27%	0.086%	0.11%	0.45%	0.20%	0.061%
Surface water treatment and filtration	1.5%	3.3%	4.3%	4.1%	2.6%	1.4%
Disinfection byproducts	3.0%	2.5%	2.6%	1.5%	1.4%	1.3%
All health-based violations	8.3%	10%	12%	9.6%	7.8%	6.3%

† Lead and copper represents the lead and copper rule, which is a set of standards and implementation measures.

Table E7: Percentage of children living in areas served by community water systems with violations of drinking water monitoring and reporting requirements

1993-1997
Type of standard violated	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997
Lead and copper	6.4%	3.8%	2.9%	3.3%	3.8%
Coliforms	2.2%	2.7%	2.2%	1.9%	1.8%
Chemical and radionuclide	7.8%	6.0%	6.3%	4.7%	4.3%
Surface water treatment and filtration	1.9%	1.1%	0.44%	0.53%	0.27%
Any violation	17%	12%	11%	9.5%	9.1%

1998-2002
Type of standard violated	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002
Lead and copper	6.3%	6.2%	6.8%	5.9%	5.5%
Coliforms	2.6%	1.8%	2.0%	2.5%	1.5%
Chemical and radionuclide	6.3%	5.8%	4.8%	6.3%	8.3%
Surface water treatment and filtration	0.53%	1.3%	0.53%	0.41%	3.8%
Disinfection byproducts	NA	NA	NA	NA	1.8%
Any violation	15%	14%	13%	14%	19%

2003-2008
Type of standard violated	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
Lead and copper	5.6%	6.4%	7.0%	7.1%	6.8%	6.7%
Coliforms	1.8%	2.8%	2.1%	2.6%	1.4%	2.5%
Chemical and radionuclide	8.1%	7.7%	6.5%	7.6%	8.1%	5.2%
Surface water treatment and filtration	2.8%	3.0%	4.0%	2.6%	2.3%	2.4%
Disinfection byproducts	1.7%	5.4%	5.7%	4.2%	4.7%	2.7%
Any violation	17%	17%	19%	18%	18%	17%

Table E8: Percentage of fruits, vegetables and grains, and other food and drink products with detectable residues of organophosphate pesticides

1994-2001
1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
21%	24%	29%	29%	22%	24%	23%	19%

2002-2008
2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008
13%	12%	19%	15%	8.3%	19%	17%

Table E9: Percentage of children residing within one mile of a Superfund site

	1990	1992	1994	1996	1998	2000	2002	2004	2006	2008
All Superfund sites not yet cleaned up	1.2%	1.2%	1.3%	1.3%	1.4%	1.3%	1.3%	1.3%	1.8%	2.0%
All Superfund sites not yet cleaned up or controlled	1.2%	1.1%	1.1%	1.0%	1.0%	0.82%	0.79%	0.76%	0.94%	1.1%

 

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Body Burdens

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Note that numbers in the spreadsheet files may not exactly match numbers shown in the data tables due to rounding.

Table B1: Concentrations of lead in blood of children ages 5 and under

	Blood lead concentrations (µg/dL)
	1976- 1980	1988- 1991	1992- 1994	1999- 2000	2001- 2002	2003- 2004	2005- 2006	2007- 2008
50th percentile	15	3.5	2.6	2.2	1.6	1.6	1.4	1.4
90th percentile	25	9.4	7.1	4.9	4.2	3.9	3.0	3.2

Table B2. Median concentrations of lead in blood of children ages 1-5, by race/ethnicity and family income, 2005-2008

	Blood lead concentrations (µg/dL)
Race / Ethnicity	All Incomes	< Poverty Level	100-200% of Poverty Level	> 200% of Poverty Level	≥ Poverty Level	Unknown Income
All Races/ Ethnicities	1.4	1.7	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.8
White Non- Hispanic	1.3	1.4	1.6	1.3	1.3	1.6
Black Non- Hispanic	1.9	2.4	1.7	1.5	1.6	3.4
Mexican- American	1.4	1.6	1.4	1.1	1.3	1.4
Other†	1.4	1.9	1.5	1.2	1.3	1.6

† "Other" includes Non-Hispanic Asian; Non-Hispanic Native American; Hispanic other than Mexican-American; those reporting multi-racial; and those with a missing value for race/ethnicity.

Addendum 1 to Table B2. 90th Percentile concentrations of lead in blood of children ages 1-5, by race/ethnicity and family income, 2005-2008

	Blood lead concentrations (µg/dL)
Race / Ethnicity	All Incomes	< Poverty Level	100-200% of Poverty Level	> 200% of Poverty Level	≥ Poverty Level	Unknown Income
All Races/Ethnicities	3.1	3.9	3.2	2.5	2.7	4.1
White Non-Hispanic	2.7	3.4	3.4	2.4	2.6	NA**
Black Non-Hispanic	4.5	6.2	3.8	3.1	3.3	NA**
Mexican-American	2.9	3.1	3.1	2.5	2.7	3.2
Other†	3.3	4.2	2.8	2.7	2.7	NA**

† "Other" includes Non-Hispanic Asian; Non-Hispanic Native American; Hispanic other than Mexican-American; those reporting multi-racial; and those with a missing value for race/ethnicity.

** Estimates are considered unreliable (relative standard error is greater than 40 percent).

Table B3: Distribution of concentrations of lead in blood of children ages 1-5, 2005-2008

Blood lead concentrations (µg/dL)
< 1	1-2	2-3	3-4	4-5	5-6	6-7	> 7
25%	46%	18%	5.6%	2.1%	0.77%	0.57%	1.7%

Table B4: Distribution of concentrations of mercury in blood of women of child-bearing age (16-49), 2005-2008

Blood mercury concentrations (parts per billion)
< 1	1-2	2-3	3-4	4-5	5-6	6-7	> 7
58%	24%	8.4%	4.0%	2.2%	1.1%	0.86%	1.7%

Addendum 1 to Table B4. Median concentrations of mercury in blood (ppb) of women of child-bearing age (16-49), by race/ethnicity and family income, 2005-2008

	Median blood mercury concentrations (parts per billion)
Race / Ethnicity	All Incomes	< Poverty Level	100-200% of Poverty Level	> 200% of Poverty Level	≥ Poverty Level	Unknown Income
All Races/Ethnicities	0.84	0.65	0.77	0.92	0.88	0.78
White Non-Hispanic	0.79	0.54	0.63	0.9	0.85	0.71
Black Non-Hispanic	0.89	0.84	0.84	0.97	0.92	1.0
Mexican-American	0.72	0.67	0.66	0.8	0.76	0.7
Other†	1.2	0.84	1.4	1.4	1.4	0.88*

† "Other" includes Non-Hispanic Asian; Non-Hispanic Native American; Hispanic other than Mexican-American; those reporting multi-racial; and those with a missing value for race/ethnicity.

** Estimate is considered unreliable (relative standard error is greater than 40 percent)

Addendum 2 to Table B4. 90th percentile concentrations of mercury in blood (ppb) of women of child-bearing age (16-49), by race/ethnicity and family income, 2005-2008

	90th percentile blood mercury concentrations (parts per billion )
Race / Ethnicity	All Incomes	< Poverty Level	100-200% of Poverty Level	> 200% of Poverty Level	≥ Poverty Level	Unknown Income
All Races/Ethnicities	3.0	2.0	2.4	3.4	3.2	2.5*
White Non-Hispanic	3.0	1.7	2.1	3.4	3.1	2.5
Black Non-Hispanic	2.4	2.1	2.1	2.9	2.7	2.4
Mexican-American	1.8	1.5	2.0	2.1	2.0	1.6*
Other†	4.6	3.0	NA**	5.7	5.2	NA**

† "Other" includes Non-Hispanic Asian; Non-Hispanic Native American; Hispanic other than Mexican-American; those reporting multi-racial; and those with a missing value for race/ethnicity.

* Estimate is unstable (relative standard error is greater than 30 percent and less than 40 percent).

** Estimate is considered unreliable (relative standard error is greater than 40 percent).

Table B5: Concentrations of cotinine in blood of children

	Serum cotinine concentrations (ng/mL)
	1988-1991	1999-2000	2001-2002	2003-2004	2005-2006	2007-2008
90th percentile	2.2	1.8	1.9	1.8	1.2	1.5
50th percentile	0.25	0.11	0.059	0.096	0.047	0.051

Addendum 1 to Table B5. Median concentrations of cotinine in blood of children ages 3 to 17, by race/ethnicity and family income, 2005-2008.

	Median serum cotinine concentrations (ng/mL)
Race / Ethnicity	All Incomes	< Poverty Level	100-200% of Poverty Level	> 200% of Poverty Level	≥ Poverty Level	Unknown Income
All Races/ Ethnicities	0.049	0.18	0.10	0.032	0.038	0.036
White Non- Hispanic	0.053	NA**	0.16*	0.034	0.045	NA**
Black Non- Hispanic	0.12	0.45	0.15	0.036	0.059	NA**
Mexican- American	0.025	0.035	0.023	NA**	0.021	0.021
Other†	0.039	0.14*	0.035	0.026	0.029	NA**

† "Other" includes Non-Hispanic Asian; Non-Hispanic Native American; Hispanic other than Mexican-American; those reporting multi-racial; and those with a missing value for race/ethnicity.

* Estimates are unstable (relative standard error is greater than 30 percent and less than 40 percent).

** Estimates are considered unreliable (relative standard error is greater than 40 percent).

Addendum 2 to Table B5. 90th percentile concentrations of cotinine in blood of children ages 3 to 17, by race/ethnicity and family income, 2005-2008.

	90th percentile serum cotinine concentrations (ng/mL)
Race / Ethnicity	All Incomes	< Poverty Level	100-200% of Poverty Level	> 200% of Poverty Level	≥ Poverty Level	Unknown Income
All Races/ Ethnicities	1.4	2.6	2.3	0.56	1.1	0.93
White Non- Hispanic	1.6	3.1	2.8	0.66	1.2	NA**
Black Non- Hispanic	1.7	2.5	1.7	0.65	1.1	2.3
Mexican- American	0.27*	NA**	0.32*	0.14*	0.22*	NA**
Other†	1.0	2.2	NA**	NA**	NA**	0.22*

† "Other" includes Non-Hispanic Asian; Non-Hispanic Native American; Hispanic other than Mexican-American; those reporting multi-racial; and those with a missing value for race/ethnicity.

* Estimates are unstable (relative standard error is greater than 30 percent and less than 40 percent).

** Estimates are considered unreliable (relative standard error is greater than 40 percent).

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Childhood Illnesses

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Table D1: Percentage of children with asthma

Table D1: Percentage of children with asthma 1980-1985   1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Percentage of children with asthma in the past 12 months 3.6% 3.7% 4.1% 4.5% 4.3% 4.8%   1986-1991   1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 Percentage of children with asthma in the past 12 months 5.1% 5.3% 5.0% 6.1% 5.8% 6.4%   1992-1996   1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Percentage of children with asthma in the past 12 months 6.3% 7.2% 6.9% 7.5% 6.2%   1997-2000†   1997 1998 1999 2000 Children ever diagnosed with asthma and having an asthma attack in the past 12 months 5.5% 5.3% 5.3% 5.5% Children ever diagnosed with asthma 11%  12% 11% 12%   2001-2008   2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Children ever diagnosed with asthma and having an asthma attack in the past 12 months 5.7% 5.8% 5.5% 5.5% 5.2% 5.6% 5.2% 5.6% Children ever diagnosed with asthma 13% 12% 12% 12% 13% 13% 13% 14% Children currently with asthma‡ 8.7% 8.3% 8.5% 8.5% 8.9% 9.3% 9.1% 9.4%

 

Table D2a: Percentage of children reported to have ever been diagnosed with asthma and having an asthma attack in the past 12 months, by race/ethnicity and family income, 2005 -2008

Race / Ethnicity	All Incomes	< Poverty Level	100-199% of Poverty Level	≥ 200% of Poverty Level	≥ Poverty Level
All Races/Ethnicities	5.4	6.6	5.6	4.9	5.1
White Non-Hispanic	4.9	5.6	5.5	4.6	4.8
Black or African-American, Non-Hispanic	7.7	8.9	7.0	7.0	7.0
Asian Non-Hispanic	3.9	NA**	NA**	4.6	4.1
Hispanic	5.1	6.0	4.3	4.9	4.6
Other†	7.3	7.0	12	5.3	7.4

† "Other" includes non-Hispanic respondents reporting multiple races or reporting a single race that is neither White, Black, African-American, or Asian.

** Estimate is considered unreliable (relative standard error is greater than 40 percent).

Table D2b: Percentage of children reported to have current asthma, by race/ethnicity and family income, 2005-2008

Race / Ethnicity	All Incomes	< Poverty Level	100-199% of Poverty Level	≥ 200% of Poverty Level	≥ Poverty Level
All Races/Ethnicities	9.2	11	9.5	8.3	8.7
White Non-Hispanic	8.2	9.7	9.0	7.7	8.0
Black or African-American, Non-Hispanic	14	16	13	14	14
Asian Non-Hispanic	6.0	4.8*	4.4*	6.7	6.1
Hispanic	8.4	9.4	7.5	8.2	7.9
Other†	13	18	17	9.2	12

† "Other" includes non-Hispanic respondents reporting multiple races or reporting a single race that is neither White, Black, African-American, or Asian.

* Estimate is unstable (relative standard error is greater than 30 percent and less than 40 percent).

** Estimate is considered unreliable (relative standard error is greater than 40 percent).

Table D3: Children's emergency room visits for asthma and other respiratory causes

1992-1997   Rate per 10,000 children   1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 All asthma and other respiratory causes 369 407 392 357 356 375 Acute upper respiratory infections 222 249 247 227 206 214 Asthma 98 107 105 93 114 112 Acute bronchitis 50 51 41 37 36 49 1998-2003   Rate per 10,000 children   1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 All asthma and other respiratory causes 389 379 399 379 405 434 Acute upper respiratory infections 219 239 245 234 252 282 Asthma 124 105 101 92 100 96 Acute bronchitis 46 35 53 53 53 56 2004-2007   Rate per 10,000 children   2004 2005 2006 2007 All asthma and other respiratory causes 329 416 347 375 Acute upper respiratory infections 183 266 228 253 Asthma 103 103 81 87 Acute bronchitis 43 48 38 35

* Estimate is unstable (relative standard error is greater than 30 percent and less than 40 percent).

Table D4: Children's hospital admissions for asthma and other respiratory causes

1980-1985   Rate per 10,000 children   1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 All asthma and other respiratory causes 55 56 55 61 50 57 Acute upper respiratory infections 18 18 13 19 11 14 Acute bronchitis 16 16 17 18 14 17 Asthma 21 22 26 24 26 25 1986-1991   Rate per 10,000 children   1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 All asthma and other respiratory causes 50 52 53 59 55 63 Acute upper respiratory infections 10 13 10 12 8.3 11 Acute bronchitis 13 14 15 19 18 21 Asthma 27 25 29 28 28 31 1992-1997   Rate per 10,000 children   1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 All asthma and other respiratory causes 61 56 54 66 57 67 Acute upper respiratory infections 7.2 9.0 7.1 8.2 5.8 7.6 Acute bronchitis 23 22 20 25 21 27 Asthma 31 26 27 33 30 32 1998-2003   Rate per 10,000 children   1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 All asthma and other respiratory causes 50 66 63 61 61 62 Acute upper respiratory infections 5.9 8.4 6.0 6.7 5.7 7.2 Acute bronchitis 20 29 28 29 29 24 Asthma 25 29 30 26 27 31 2004-2007   Rate per 10,000 children   2004 2005  2006 2007 All asthma and other respiratory causes 59 50  46 46 Acute upper respiratory infections 5.0 5.9  4.0 5.6 Acute bronchitis 27 21  21 19 Asthma 27 22  21 21

Addendum to Table D4: Children's hospital admissions for asthma and other respiratory causes, by race, 2005-2007†

	Rate per 10,000 children
	2005	2006	2007	2005-2007
All	50	46	46	47
White	36	33	31	33
Black	63	65	59	63
American Indian/Alaska Native	NA**	NA**	NA**	15
Asian and Pacific Islander	NA**	NA**	14	15

† Estimates for ethnicity not available. Race categories include children of Hispanic ethnicity.

** Estimate is considered unreliable (relative standard error is greater than 40 percent or sample size is less than or equal to 29).

Table D5: Cancer incidence and mortality for children under 20

1975-1980   Rate per million children   1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Incidence 129 142 142 145 147 143 Mortality 51 51 50 46 46 46 1981-1986   Rate per million children   1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Incidence 140 146 146 156 159 159 Mortality 44 45 43 39 38 38 1987-1992   Rate per million children   1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Incidence 154 151 166 156 164 160 Mortality 37 36 35 34 34 33 1993-1998   Rate per million children   1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Incidence 161 155 157 161 156 163 Mortality 33 31 30 29 29 27 1999-2007   Rate per million children   1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005  2006 2007 Incidence 156 168 170 174 157 164 176  155 167 Mortality 28 28 28 28 28 27 27  25 25 Addendum 1 to Table D5: Cancer incidence for children 0-19 by race/ethnicity and gender, 2003-2007   Rate per million children   Male Female All All Races/Ethnicities 177 157 167 White, non-Hispanic 196 172 184 Black, non-Hispanic 130 126 128 American Indian/Alaska Native, non-Hispanic 117 135 126 Asian or Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic 149 130 140 Hispanic 167 144 156 Addendum 2 to Table D5. Cancer mortality for children 0-19 by race/ethnicity and gender, 2003-2007.   Rate per million children   Male Female All All Races/Ethnicities 29 23 26 White, non-Hispanic 29 23 26 Black, non-Hispanic 29 23 26 American Indian/Alaska Native, non-Hispanic 25 13 19 Asian or Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic 27 20 24 Hispanic 31 24 28 Table D6: Cancer incidence for children under 20 by type   Rate per million children   1976-1980 1981-1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-2000 2001-2005 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 25 28 29 27 30 31 Acute myeloid leukemia 5.5 5.3 5.2 6.6 7.1 7.4 Central nervous system tumors 24 23 30 29 28 29 Hodgkin's lymphoma 14 14 14 13 13 11 Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 6.0 6.7 7.7 7.6 7.6 9.1 Burkitt's lymphoma 1.6 2.5 1.7 2.3 2.5 2.3 Thyroid carcinoma 4.9 5.3 5.1 5.3 5.8 6.1 Malignant melanoma 4.6 3.7 5.3 5.0 5.1 6.6 Other and unspecified carcinomas† 3.9 3.4 3.3 3.8 3.8 3.7 Germ cell tumors 8.7 9.9 9.8 12 10 12 Soft tissue sarcomas 11 11 12 11 13 13 Osteosarcoma 4.0 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.7 Ewing's sarcoma 2.8 3.6 2.7 3.2 2.7 2.9 Neuroblastoma 7.6 7.8 7.4 8.3 7.8 8.8 Wilms' tumor 6.2 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.7 5.6 Hepatoblastoma 0.73 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.8 1.6 † "Other and unspecified carcinomas" is a subset of the ICCC group "XI Carcinomas and other malignant epithelial neoplasms." Addendum to Table D6: Cancer incidence rates per million children for malignant cancers by age and type, 2001-2005   Rate per million children   Ages 0-4 Ages 5-9 Ages 10-14 Ages 15-19 Ages 0-19 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia 62 29 19 15 31 Acute myeloid leukemia 9.7 4.3 6.1 9.7 7.4 Central nervous system tumors 40 32 26 20 29 Hodgkin's lymphoma NA** 3.9 9.4 28 11 Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 4.1 6.5 11 15 9.1 Burkitt's lymphoma 0.84* 3.4 2.5 2.5 2.3 Thyroid carcinoma NA** NA** 5.7 18 6.1 Malignant melanoma NA** 1.8 4.6 19 6.6 Other and unspecified carcinomas† NA** NA** 3.1 11 3.7 Germ cell tumors 7.8 1.5 7.5 30 12 Soft-tissue sarcomas 12 6.9 13 19 13 Osteosarcoma NA** 2.4 7.2 8.8 4.7 Ewing's sarcoma NA** 2.1 3.4 5.4 2.9 Neuroblastoma 31 3.7 1.2 NA** 8.8 Wilms' tumor 17 5.0 NA** NA** 5.6 Hepatoblastoma 5.8 NA** NA** NA** 1.6 † "Other and unspecified carcinomas" is a subset of the ICCC group "XI Carcinomas and other malignant epithelial neoplasms." * Estimate is unstable because it is based on a small number of persons (relative standard error is greater than 30 percent and less than 40 percent). ** Estimate is considered unreliable (relative standard error is greater than 40 percent). Table D7: Children reported to have mental retardation by race/ethnicity and family income, 2005-2008 Cases per 1,000 children Race / Ethnicity All Incomes < Poverty Level 100- 199% of Poverty Level ≥ 200% of Poverty Level ≥ Poverty Level All Races/ Ethnicities 5.8 9.1 6.9 4.3 5.1 White Non-Hispanic 5.2 8.7* 6.5 4.3 4.7 Black or African- American, Non- Hispanic 7.8 9.6* 11 4.1 6.8 Asian Non- Hispanic 4.8* NA** NA** NA** NA** Hispanic 6.7 9.0 6.1 5.1 5.6 Other† NA** NA** NA** NA** NA** † "Other" includes non-Hispanic respondents reporting multiple races or reporting a single race that is neither White, Black, African-American, or Asian. * Estimate is unstable (relative standard error is greater than 30 percent and less than 40 percent). ** Estimate is considered unreliable (relative standard error is greater than 40 percent).

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Special Features

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Table S1: Percentage of California public elementary schools with lead paint and some deterioration of paint, 1994-1997

	Schools Built Before 1940	Schools Built 1940-1959	Schools Built 1960-1979	Schools Built 1980-1995	All Schools
Any detectable lead	72.2%	46.3%	20.5%	3.1%	37.4%
≥ 600 ppm	72.2%	46.3%	18.2%	3.1%	36.9%
≥ 5,000 ppm	63.9%	41.8%	13.6%	0%	31.8%

Table S2: Percentage of California public elementary schools with lead in drinking water, 1994-1997

	Schools Built Before 1940	Schools Built 1940-1979	Schools Built 1980-1995	All Schools
Schools with detectable lead in soil	100.0%	94.4%	60.5%	89.0%
Schools with soil lead > 400 ppm	29.7%	2.4%	0.0%	7.0%

Table S3: Percentage of California public elementary schools with lead in drinking water, 1994-1997

	Schools Built Before 1940	Schools Built 1940-1979	Schools Built 1980-1995	All Schools
Schools with detectable lead in drinking water	68.6%	52.4%	42.1%	53.3%
Schools with > 15ppb lead in drinking water	31.4%	16.1%	13.2%	18.3%
Schools with > 15 ppb lead in drinking water at first draw*				15.5%
Schools with > 15 ppb lead in drinking water at second draw*				6.5%

* Data for first- and second-draw samples are available for all schools only.

Table S4: Frequency of application of pesticides in Minnesota K-12 schools, 1999

	Percentage of schools
	Cafeteria and kitchen food storage areas	Locker rooms and gymnasium	Classrooms
Sprayed as needed	34.0%	33.5%	46.7%
Sprayed once a month	16.4%	3.7%	2.7%
Sprayed 1-4 times per year	24.0%	15.3%	12.5%
Not sprayed	16.9%	28.8%	25.6%
No answer / other / don't know	8.7%	18.7%	12.5%

Table S5: Number of birth defects in California per 1,000 live births and fetal deaths

	1991-1993	1994-1996	1997-1999
Heart defects	1.80	1.98	1.79
Oral cleft defects	1.60	1.67	1.50
Down Syndrome	1.34	1.28	1.28
Intestinal defects	0.73	0.73	0.56
Limb defects	0.46	0.46	0.36

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Emerging Issues

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Table EI1: Number of states with advisories for methylmercury in non-commercial fish

	1995	2000	2004	2006
Freshwater advisories	32	37	44	48
Coastal and estuarine advisories	7	13	13	13
Statewide advisories	5	12	21	23

Table EI2: Percentage of children ages 5-17 reported to have been diagnosed with Attention-Deficit Disorder or Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, by race/ethnicity and family income, 2005-2008

	All Incomes	< Poverty Level	100-199% of Poverty Level	≥ 200% of Poverty Level	Unknown Income
All races/ethnicities	8.3	9.6	9.2	7.5	8.0
White non-Hispanic	9.6	13	12	8.5	9.2
Black or African-American, non-Hispanic	8.5	10	9.1	6.3	7.5
Asian, non-Hispanic	2.0	NA**	NA**	2.4	2.1
Hispanic	5.0	5.5	4.8	4.7	4.7
Other †	10	15	14	7.1	9.1

† "Other" includes non-Hispanic respondents reporting multiple races or reporting a single race that is neither white, black, African-American, or Asian.

* Estimate is unstable (relative standard error is greater than 30 percent and less than 40 percent).

** Estimate is considered unreliable (relative standard error is greater than 40 percent).

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