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Wild Rice Research and Management
Proceedings of the Wild Rice Research and
Management Conference
Foreword
The first prophet said to the people, ‘In
the time of the First Fire, the Anishinabe nation will rise up
and follow the Sacred Shell of the Midewiwin Lodge. . . . The
Sacred Megis will lead the way to the chosen ground of the
Anishinabe. . . . There will be seven stopping places along the
way. You will know that the chosen ground has been reached when
you come to a land where food grows on water (Edward
Benton-Benai, The Mishomis Book).’
It was in Lake Superior that the Anishinabe
fulfilled this prophesy and found manoomin (wild rice). The
importance of this gift from the Creator cannot be overstated.
As Benton-Benai states in The Mishomis Book, Wild rice has
always been regarded by the Ojibway as the sacred gift of their
chosen ground.”
Given the Ojibwe’s traditional, high regard
for manoomin, it is no wonder that the Great Lakes Indian Fish
and Wildlife Commission’s (GLIFWC’s) member tribes were
interested in sponsoring a conference to discuss the state of
knowledge about this unique resource. The Sokaogon Chippewa
tribe initially applied to the Environmental Protection Agency
to fund this undertaking and is credited for the original
vision. GLIFWC was invited to organize and oversee the
conference and prepare these proceedings. In addition, the Fond
du Lac Community College offered time, energy, and funds to
assure that tribal elders, managers, and scientists could
attend. Finally, GLIFWC’s member tribes contributed a variety of
resources that were necessary to ensure the project’s overall
success.
The conference took place July 7-8, 1999,
in Carlton, Minnesota. Approximately 250 interested scientists,
managers, and others attended two days of presentations on a
wide variety of issues related to wild rice—from the
archeological context of manoomin, to its genetic makeup, to
current management techniques. Keynote speeches provided
historic, cultural, and scientific overviews of manoomin.
GLIFWC is pleased to have been a part of
this historic conference and to present these proceedings. We
hope that they will provide a useful tool for anyone interested
in this important resource, and that the discussions initiated
through this conference will continue to stimulate new
directions in research and management of the food that grows on
water.
Megwitch,
James H. Schlender
Executive Administrator
Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission |
Carlton, Minnesota
July 7-8, 1999
Edited by:
Lisa S. Williamson, Lisa A. Dlutkowski
and Ann P. McCammon Soltis
Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission
Published in August 2000 by the Great Lakes Indian Fish and
Wildlife Commission with financial support from the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Special thanks goes to Lisa
Dlutkowski for conference coordination, Ann McCammon Soltis for
publication coordination and proofreading, and Lisa Williamson for
general and production editing.
For questions on papers, please contact individual authors. For
other information, please contact:
Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission
P. 0. Box 9
Odanah WI 54861
Tel. 715/682-6619
Fax 715/682-9294
Table of Contents
Foreword
Keynote Addresses
Traditional and Social Context of Ricing, Thomas Vennum
Manoomin - A Gift from the Creator, Fred Ackley
Research and the Conservation of Wild Rice, P. F. Lee
Part 1: Archaeological Context
Archeological Perspectives on Wild Rice, David Mather and Robert G.
Thompson
Paleoethnobotanical Investigations at the Big Rice Site: Laurel
Culture Use of Wild Rice (Zizania aguatica L.) and Associated
Radiocarbon Dates, Seppo H. Vaippu
Archaeological Implications of Pollen Evidence for Wild Rice
(Zizania aguatica) During the Paleoindian, Archaic, and Woodland
Periods in Northeast Minnesota, James K. Huber
Part 2: Research and Ecology
Wild Rice Plant Development and Seed Physiology, Ervin A. Oelke,
Paul R. Bloom, Raymond A. Porter, and Qinqin Liu
The Ecology of “Wild” Wild Rice (Zizania palustris var. palustr) in
the Kakagon Sloughs, a Riverine Wetland on Lake Superior, J. Meeker
Heavy Metal Baselines for Wild Rice from North Central Wisconsin,
James P. Bennett, Esteban D. Chiriboga, John Coleman, and Donald M.
Wailer
Poster/Oral Presentation: Flooding Prior to the Growing Season: A
Potentially Important Factor for the Growth of Wild Rice Navigation
Pool 8, Upper Mississippi River, J. Therese Dukerschein
Poster/Oral Presentation: Productivity of Native Wild Rice Beds,
Dave Wise
Part 3: Genetics and Reproduction
A Genetic Overview of Wild Rice from Three Decades of Breeding, R.
A. Porter, R. L. Phillips, R. F. Nyvall, and E. A. Oelke
Molecular Genetics of MId Rice, P. T. Imle, R. L. Phillips, and R.
A. Porter
Genetic Variation among Populations of Wild Rice (Ziza n/a palustris
var. palustris) in Northern Wisconsin, Donald M. Wailer, Yingquig
Lu, and Peter David
Part 4: Management Approaches and
Tools
Current Management of MId Rice Habitat by the Minnesota Department
of Natural Resources, Ray Norrgard, Gary Drotts, Mike Loss, and
Steve Piepgras
Wild Rice Monitoring and Abundance in Northeastern Minnesota (1998),
Darren J. Vogt
An Overview of the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission’s
Wild Rice Management Program, Peter David
Rice Portage Wild Rice and Wetland Restoration Project 158 Larry
Schwarzkopf and Reginald DeFoe
Monitoring Wild Rice in Manitoba Using RADARSA T-1, R. J. Dixon and
A. Derksen
Poster/Oral Presentation: Distribution of Wild Rice in Minnesota,
Gary Drotts
Reintroduction Potential of Texas Wild Rice (Zizania texana) into
the San Marcos River, Texas, Robert Doyle, Paula Power, and Kathryn
Kennedy
Part 5: Conflict and Concerns
Potential Effects of Wild Rice (Zizania palustris L.) Introductions
on Lake Ecosystems: A
Literature Review, Ernest T. Watson
Testing the Effects of Motorboats on Wild Rice (Zizania palustris
var. interior), Tim Tynan
The Effects of Root Mass and Disturbance on Wild Rice (Ziza n/a aqua
tica) Survivorship, R. W. Pillsbury and E. A. Bergey
Poster/Oral Presentation: Effects of Copper Metal on Zizania
aguatica, Wild Rice Seedlings, from Mole Lake, Wisconsin, C. J.
Castle and D. R. Nimmo
Conference Attendees 221
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