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Open Lakes Trend Monitoring Program: Toxaphene
Contact Information
For further information on the Great Lakes Fish Monitoring and Surveillance Program, please contact:
Elizabeth Murphy (murphy.elizabeth@epa.gov)
Environmental Scientist
EPA Great Lakes National Program Office
(312) 353-4227 or 1-800-621-8431 x34227
Access the Data
Data produced by the GLFMSP can be obtained through the Great Lakes Environmental Database Query System or through the University of Illinois Extension website 
You can also contact the program manager, Elizabeth Murphy, for information regarding the GLFMSP and/or supporting data.
Peer reviewed journal articles published using GLFMSP data can also be found on the Reports & Links page.
GLFMSP Clarkson et al. 2012
Mean toxaphene (ppb) in lake trout/walleye from 1994 through 2009. (Click to enlarge)
Decreases in toxaphene concentrations have been observed throughout the Great Lakes in all media following its ban in the mid-1980s. A recent study on toxaphene trends in Great Lakes fish show that concentrations remain the highest in Lake Superior (up to ~480 ng/g) and lowest in Lake Erie (up to ~50 ng/g) (Xia et al.). Concentrations of toxaphene in Lake Trout and Walleye continue to exhibit exponential temporal declines in all of the Great Lakes; however, concentrations appear to level off starting in 2007 (Xia et al). Continued monitoring of toxaphene in top predator fish in the coming years should confirm whether toxaphene concentrations have reached a steady state in Great Lakes fish.
GLFMSP toxaphene publications:
- Glassmeyer, S.T., De Vault, D.S., Myers, T.R., and Hites, R.A. 1997. Toxaphene in Great Lakes fish: A temporal, spatial and trophic study. Environmental Science and Techonolgy. 31(1): 84 - 88
- Glassmeyer, S. T., De Vault, D. S., and Hites, R. A., 2000. Rates at Which Toxaphene Concentrations Decrease in Lake Trout from the Great Lakes. Environmental Science and Technology. 34: 1851 – 1855.
- Xia, X., Crimmins, B.S., Hopke, P.K., Pagano, J.J., Milligan, M.S., and Holsen, T.M. 2009. Toxaphene analysis in Great Lakes fish: a comparison of GC-EI/MS/MS and GC-ECNI-MS, individual congener standard and technical mixture for quantification of toxaphene. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 395:457–463.
- Xia, X., Hopke, P.K. , Holsen, T.M., and Crimmins, B.S. 2011. Modeling Toxaphene in the Great Lakes. Science of the Total Environment. 409 792–799.
- Xia, X., Crimmins, B.S., Hopke, P.K., Pagano, J.J., Milligan, M.S., and Holsen, T.M. 2012. Toxaphene trends in the Great Lakes fish. Journal of Great Lakes Research. 38: 31 – 38.