ÿWPC= :Ð4.gr=r=èP‹1’N@TTÉ5©V^ó¬{*¬}–GÐl³dt³-šƒÃ¹éC5§©6Ôd„¶åˆI‚à>=NºßÞ£®8åVwÓ’!r X1Q—JE¾¢N-WŠnxãµÄpÊ·²6C ã/• 3©8Ž„‡7Ǿje‡õÚ‰ØÚÌë7õÊA¨¿Šÿa›¡E]ôþÕœVô¤ êàÕ£MûBE2õ‘þ‹£l(ªŸeQ€“ûÈÚ¿`%yaR 'ô'Ÿ6“^°ëä0«V¹`Å­§Æd†ëéÝ¡¡F¶ðƒOAi½YKT q ìǃ4æúì}?Tu¨/ªò÷{jT¯rbzBÅŸBG!ú¸ÃØ0U…yº:Ö¿ê[ì±¼Á׿[rš: ÈÍ`[G·×µ¤kû;XÙbNðHš“>ttáXJéZ|lysßÎb2ЙⱆÅ9©š‹—ý§0%T›/˜+eØT’¨ \D/X×g+÷´!'D:*ÜAWKÛÍ !=†]šÆdŒêŸð£ÑÌ^£É£^k¶z rŸÏÑs¦’[Hj©.J…,ìêÅú Uꨎun'iKVÍhIWp»ä½Ó6ú#!ÄUNå %3 0(9^ awm4q…” m–Š­N7M9˜S100B HP LaserJet 4/4M Plus PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÈhH  Z6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡eg=)äA‰³(Fild0„3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀcyclenormdenorm Ð1& ' K.Helmer0K.Helmer .   Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  ÓSeptember€21,€2000ÌÓ+ÓU.S.€Environmental€Protection€AgencyÌOffice€of€Transportation€and€Air€QualityÌÌÌÌòòMaximum€Test€Speed€óóÐ , | ÐÌ(This€note€describes€the€process€by€which€real€operating€data€may€be€converted€to€percentage€ofÏpeak€operation€values€in€creating€test€cycles€and€its€reverse€of€converting€test€cycle€values€toÏ"target"€torque€and€speed€numbers€for€real€operation.)ÌÌòòData€NormalizationóóÐ ¨ø  ÐÌà  àThis€spreadsheet€will€create€a€normalized€duty€cycle€from€an€engineððs€raw€or€de„¼normalized€speed€and€torque€values€with€that€engineððs€torque€validation/MAP€(maximumÏachievable€power)€curve€and€its€low,€or€"curb",€idle€speed€as€inputs€to€the€process.€Convert€orÏ"round„off"€all€values€to€whole€numbers€before€pasting€them€into€the€spreadsheet.€€Make€sureÏthat€any€previous€MAP€data€get€deleted€and€that€any€previous€speed€and€torque€values€getÏdeleted€as€well.€€From€the€input€engine€speed€and€torque€values,€determine€the€highest€speedÏvalue€attained€by€the€engine.€Compare€this€value€to€the€highest€speed€reported€in€the€engine'sÏMAP€curve€and€note€which€is€the€higher€speed.€€Next,€extrapolate€a€speed€value€in€rpm€for€aÏ"zero"€torque€point€which€is€no€more€than€3%€higher€than€the€higher€input€speed€or€MAP€value.ÏPaste€the€MAP€curve€into€the€spreadsheet,€making€the€"zero"€point€the€final€value€in€the€MAPÏcurve.€There€should€be€only€one€point€in€the€MAP€curve€with€a€"zero"€torque€value.€Next,€pasteÏthe€speed€and€torque€data€into€the€appropriate€columns€(in€red)€in€the€spreadsheet.€€Be€sure€toÏenter€the€low€idle€speed.€€If€you€do€not€know€the€engineððs€low€idle€speed,€the€program€will€useÏthe€lowest€speed€on€the€MAP€curve.€Calculate€the€spreadsheet€at€this€time.€€The€resultingÏnormalized€speed€and€torque€values€constitute€a€duty€cycle€over€which€another€engine€might€beÏoperated€for€comparison.€Charts€are€available€within€the€spreadsheet€to€quickly€check€to€see€thatÏthe€engine€operating€data€and€normalized€cycle€both€make€sense.ÌÌòòCycle€Ô_ÔDenormalizationÔ_ÔóóÐ ð!@  ÐÌà  àThis€spreadsheet€will€change€a€normalized€duty€cycle€into€a€set€of€€Ô_ÔdenormalizedÔ_Ô€orÏ"target"€speed€and€torque€operating€values€with€an€engineððs€torque€validation/MAP€curve€and€itsÏlow€idle€speed€as€inputs€to€the€process.€€Enter€a€"target€lug€curve"€for€the€engine€you€would€likeÏto€test€with€a€new€normalized€cycle.€€Paste€the€normalized€cycle€into€the€appropriate€columns€(inÏred)€in€the€spreadsheet.€Convert€or€"round„off"€all€values€to€whole€numbers€before€pasting€themÏinto€the€spreadsheet.€€Make€sure€that€any€previous€MAP€data€and€percent€of€speed€and€torqueÏvalues€get€deleted.€€From€the€percent€of€engine€speed€and€torque€input€values,€determine€theÏhighest€percent€of€speed€value€to€be€attained€by€the€engine.€Compare€this€value€to€the€highestÏspeed€reported€in€the€engine's€MAP€curve€and€note€which€is€the€higher€speed.€€Next,€extrapolateÏa€speed€value€in€rpm€for€a€"zero"€torque€point€which€is€no€more€than€3%€higher€than€the€higherÏof€the€input€speed€or€MAP€value.€Paste€the€"target"€MAP€curve€into€the€spreadsheet,€making€the€Ì"zero"€torque€point€the€final€value€in€the€MAP€curve.€There€should€be€only€one€point€in€theÐ Ò-")- Ðengine's€MAP€curve€with€a€"zero"€torque€value.€Next,€paste€the€percent€speed€and€torque€valuesÏfrom€the€input€cycle€into€the€appropriate€columns€(in€red)€in€the€spreadsheet.€€Be€sure€to€enter€theÏengine's€low€idle€speed.€€If€you€do€not€know€the€engine's€low€idle€speed,€the€program€will€use€theÏlowest€speed€from€the€MAP€curve.€Calculate€the€spreadsheet€at€this€time.€The€resulting€de„¼normalized€cycle€will€be€the€actual€speed€and€torque€values€over€which€a€particular€engine€wouldÏbe€operated€to€run€the€duty€cycle.€Again,€charts€are€available€within€the€spreadsheet€to€quicklyÏcheck€to€see€that€the€input€duty€cycle€and€the€resulting€speed€and€torque€value€set€both€makeÏsense.ÌÌòòFinal€MAP/Lug€Curve€Speed€InputóóÐ ê :  ÐÌThe€transient€sweep€Maximum€Achievable€Power€(MAP)€curve,€typically€recorded€at€a€rate€of€8Ïrpm€per€second,€or€the€steady€state€step€MAP€should€have€a€final€speed,€beyond€measured€ratedÏspeed€(speed€at€maximum€measured€power),€that€has€a€torque€value€of€30%€of€the€full€loadÏtorque€at€idle€speed.€For€selection€of€the€maximum€test€speed€for€the€maximum€speedÏnormalization€of€the€duty€cycle,€it€should€be€3%€beyond€the€final€speed€of€the€MAP€curve.Ìà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àÌÌÒp°Òà0  à(ò òData€processing€tipó ó:€from€within€Excel€software,€go€to€Tools,€Options,Ð $t ÐCalculate€and€switch€on€"manual€calculate."€€Press€F9€to€calculate€new€valuesÏwithin€the€spreadsheets.€€This€speeds€processing€of€spreadsheets€if€you€wereÏpreviously€calculating€new€cycles€each€time€you€changed€a€number.€€EachÏspreadsheet€is€processor€and€RAM„intensive,€about€3MB€per€file,€so€expectÏdelays€in€computing)Ð hh ÐÒ°p÷ÒÔ_ÔÔ_Ô