Glossary

These words and phrases are scientific, medical, or environmental terms used in the Haz-Ed materials.

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Acid

a solution that has a pH value lower than 7

Acute

occurring only once or more than once within a short period of time

Acute Exposure

a single exposure to a hazardous material for a brief length of time

Administrative Record

a compilation of documents supporting an administrative action; under Superfund, administrative actions often compel Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs) to undertake or pay for hazardous waste site cleanups

Advection

transportation of contaminants by the flow of a current of water or air

Adverse Health Effect

any effect resulting in anatomical, functional, or psychological impairment that may affect the performance of the whole organism

Anatomical Response

measure of a change in or damage to the anatomy of a species as a result of exposure to a contaminant

Aquifer

an underground rock formation composed of sand, soil, gravel, or porous rock that can store and supply groundwater to wells and springs

Aquitard

a barrier to the flow of groundwater in an aquifer

Assessment

see site assessment

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Base

a solution that has a pH value greater than 7

Benthic

relating to or occurring at the bottom of a body of water

Bioaccumulation

the retention and buildup of chemicals or hazardous substances in the bodies of organisms due to repeated exposure or consuming contaminated organisms lower on the food chain

Biochemical Response

measure of a change in or damage to the blood chemistry of a species as a result of exposure to a contaminant

Biological Degradation

as used in the Superfund Program, the process by which biological agents can reduce or eliminate risks posed by a hazardous substance through decomposition into less hazardous components

Biomass

the amount of living matter in a given area, often refers to vegetation

Blood Enzyme Level

measure of a change in the enzymes normally present in the blood of a species as a result of exposure to a contaminant

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Carcinogen

a substance or agent that may produce or increase the risk of cancer

Chronic Exposure

continuous or repeated exposure to a hazardous substance over a long period of time

Clay Soil

soil composed chiefly of fine particles

Clean Air Act

gives EPA authority to set standards for air quality and to control the release of airborne chemicals from industries, power plants, and cars

Cleanup

the process of removing, treating, or disposing of contaminants at a site and restoring the site to a condition that is not dangerous to people or the environment

Clean Water Act

a Federal law that controls the discharge of pollutants into surface water in a number of ways, including discharge permits

Community

an interacting population of various types of individuals (or species) in a common location; a neighborhood or specific area where people live

Community Involvement

a process in which the concerns of local citizens are addressed during the Superfund process

Composting

the decomposition of yard waste and vegetable scraps into organic material

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

enacted in 1980 and nicknamed Superfund, this law provides the authority through which the Federal government can compel people or companies responsible for creating hazardous waste sites to clean them up. It also created a public trust fund, known as the Superfund, to assist with the cleanup of inactive and abandoned hazardous waste sites or accidentally spilled or illegally dumped hazardous materials.

Concentration

the amount of one material dispersed or distributed in a larger amount of another material

Condensation

a part of the hydrologic cycle during which water vapor turns into a liquid

Confined Aquifer

an aquifer bounded on the top by confining materials such as rock formations

Contaminant

harmful or hazardous matter introduced into the environment

Contaminant Level

a measure of how much of a contaminant is present

Contamination

the introduction of harmful or hazardous matter into the environment

Corrective Action

cleanup of hazardous waste contamination at non-Superfund sites

Corrosive

capable of chemically wearing substances away (corroding) or destroying them

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Deep-Well Injection

injection of hazardous wastes into deep wells underground

Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL)

liquid contaminants that are relatively insoluble and heavier than water; also known as “sinkers” because they will sink to the bottom of an aquifer, where they become especially difficult to detect and clean up

Discharge Areas

locations where groundwater flows or is discharged to the surface

Discovery

the initial activity in the Superfund process where a potentially contaminated site is reported to EPA or a similar state or local agency

Diversity

variety; differences among and within species

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Early Action

a response action that addresses the release or possible release of hazardous substances and can be resolved within a short period of time

Ecology

study of the relationships of living organisms to each other and to their environment

Ecosystem

a specialized community, including all the component organisms, that forms an interacting system; for example, a marsh, a shoreline, a forest

Emergency

a situation or occurrence of a serious nature that develops suddenly and unexpectedly and demands immediate action

Emergency Response

a response action to situations that may cause immediate and serious harm to people or the environment

Environment

totality of conditions surrounding an organism

Environmental Risk

likelihood, or probability, of injury, disease, or death resulting from exposure to a potential environmental hazard

Epidemiology

study of causes of disease or toxic effects in human populations

Estuary

region of interaction between rivers and near-shore ocean waters, where tidal action and river flow create a mix of fresh and salt water; may include bays, mouths of rivers, salt marshes, and lagoons; brackish water ecosystems; may shelter and feed marine life, birds, and wildlife

Evaporation

a part of the hydrologic cycle during which liquid water turns into water vapor

Exposure

coming into contact with a substance through inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact with the skin; may be acute or chronic

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Fauna

animal life

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

a Federal law that requires labels on pesticides that provide clear directions for safe use; FIFRA also authorizes EPA to set standards to control how pesticides are used

Fertilizers

nitrogen- and phosphate-rich chemical compounds that are used to increase the productivity of croplands; fertilizer production usually includes the use and disposal of petrochemicals

Flora

plant life

Fresh Water

water resources free from salt that are critical to living organisms; 3 percent of the water on Earth is fresh (the rest is salt water), and 95 percent of fresh water resources are groundwater

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Groundwater

water found beneath the Earth’s surface that fills pores between materials, such as sand, soil, or gravel

Habitat Encroachment

term used to describe the way natural habitats are destroyed as human development of new areas continues to grow and expand, or pollution damages the environment

Hazard Ranking System (HRS)

the method EPA uses to assess and score the hazards posed by a site that takes into account the nature and extent of contamination and the potential for the hazardous substances to migrate from the site through air, soil, surface water, or groundwater; HRS scores are used to determine whether a site should be placed on the National Priorities List (NPL)

Hazardous Chemical

see Hazardous Substance

Hazardous Material

see Hazardous Substance

Hazardous Substance

a broad term that includes all substances that can be harmful to people or the environment; toxic substances, hazardous materials and other similar terms are subsets of hazardous substances

Hazardous Waste

by-products or waste materials of manufacturing and other processes that have some dangerous property; generally categorized as corrosive, ignitable, toxic, or reactive, or in some way harmful to people or the environment

Health Risk Assessment

scientific evaluation of the probability of harm resulting from exposure to hazardous materials

Heavy Metals

metals such as lead, chromium, copper, and cobalt that can be toxic at relatively low concentrations

Histopathological Test

test that examines the structure of cells and tissues to determine if any damage has been caused by exposure to a contaminant

Hydrologic Cycle

the process of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and percolation in which water molecules travel above, below, and on the Earth’s surface

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Ignitable

capable of bursting into flames easily

Infiltration

the movement of water through the ground surface into the unsaturated zone

Information Repository

a set of current information, technical reports, and reference documents regarding a Superfund site; it should be located in a public building that is convenient for local residents, such as a public school, city hall, or public library

Innovative Treatment Technologies

remedies that have been tested, selected, or used for treating hazardous waste or contaminated materials but don’t have much information on cost and performance

Inorganic Compounds

chemical compounds that do not contain carbon, usually associated with life processes; for example, metals are inorganic

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Landfill

a location for the disposal of wastes on land designed to protect the public from hazards in waste streams; sanitary landfills, designed to receive municipal solid waste, are distinguished from hazardous waste landfills, designed to isolate hazardous substances

Liability

under Superfund, a party responsible for the presence of hazardous waste at a site is also legally responsible for acting and paying to reduce or eliminate the risks posed by the site

Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL)

liquid contaminants that are relatively insoluble and lighter than water; also known as “floaters” because they will float on top of an aquifer

Long-Term Action

a response action that eliminates or reduces a release or threatened release of hazardous substances that is serious but not an immediate danger to people or the environment and may take years to complete (also known as a remedial action)

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Migration

as used in the Superfund program, the movement of a contaminant; actual or potential migration is one measure of the dangers created by a contaminant

Migration Pathways

the routes a contaminant may move around in the environment (e.g., soil, groundwater, surface water, air)

Municipal Solid Waste

garbage that is disposed of in a sanitary or municipal solid waste landfill

Mutagenic

causing alteration in the DNA (genes or chromosomes) of an organism

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National Priorities List (NPL)

EPA’s list of the most serious uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites, identified as candidates for long-term action using money from the Superfund trust fund

Organic Compounds

chemical compounds that contain carbon, an element usually associated with life processes

Percolation

the movement of groundwater from the unsaturated zone to the saturated zone

Permeability

the degree to which groundwater can move freely through an aquifer measured by the interconnection of pores and fractures

Pesticides

chemical compounds used to control insects and other organisms that may reduce agricultural productivity; most are toxic

pH

a measurement of the acidity or alkalinity level of a solution

Physiological Response

measure of physical change or damage in a species as a result of exposure to a contaminant

Plume

an area of groundwater contamination

Pollution Prevention

a strategy that emphasizes reducing the amount of pollution or waste created, rather than controlling waste or dealing with pollutants after they have been created

Population

group of similar individuals living in the same general area

Pore

an open space in rocks and soils

Porosity

the ability of rock material to store water

Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs)

any individual or company potentially responsible for, or contributing to, contamination at a Superfund site

Precipitation

a part of the hydrologic cycle during which condensed water vapor in the air falls to the ground in the form of rain, snow, sleet, and so forth

Preliminary Assessment (PA)

the process of collecting and reviewing available information about a known or suspected hazardous waste site or release that is used to determine if the site requires further study

Probability

chance that a given event will occur

Proposed Plan

a plan for cleaning up a Superfund site submitted by EPA and subject to public comments

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Ratio

the relationship in quantity, amount, or size between two or more things

Reactive

one of four categories of hazardous waste; substances capable of changing into something else in the presence of other chemicals, usually violently or producing a hazardous by-product

Recharge Areas

areas where infiltration to aquifers occurs

Record of Decision (ROD)

a public document that explains the cleanup method that will be used at a Superfund site, based on EPA studies, public comments, and community concerns

Recycling

the reuse of products or by-products or other materials that could become wastes if discarded instead of being used

Relative Abundances

measure of the population of one species in an ecosystem as compared to other species within that same ecosystem; number of individuals in any given species compared to the total number of individuals in the community

Release

when a hazardous substance goes from a controlled condition (for example, inside a truck, barrel, storage tank, or landfill) to an uncontrolled condition in the air, water, or land

Residual Contamination

contaminants left at a site after the risks posed by the site have been reduced and the site no longer threatens people or the environment, or that currently is not possible to remove

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

a Federal law that authorizes EPA to set standards for companies producing, handling, transporting, storing, and disposing of hazardous waste

Response Action

an action taken by EPA or another Federal, state, or local agency to address the risks posed by the release or threatened release of hazardous substances — generally categorized as Emergency Responses, Early Actions, and Long-Term Actions

Responsible Party

a person or business that is responsible for a hazardous site; whenever possible, EPA requires Responsible Parties, through administrative and legal actions, to clean up the sites they have contaminated

Risk

likelihood or probability of injury, disease, or death

Runoff

the amount of precipitation that runs over the ground surface and returns to streams, rivers, or other surface water bodies. It can collect pollutants from air or land and carry them to receiving waters

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Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

a Federal law that authorizes EPA to set national standards for drinking water and gives EPA authority to control the disposal of hazardous waste into groundwater

Sampling

the collection of representative specimens analyzed to characterize site conditions

Saturated Zone

an underground geologic layer in which all pores and fractures are filled with water

Saturation

the degree to which a geologic formation is filled with water

Site Assessment

the process by which EPA determines whether a potential Superfund site should be placed on the National Priorities List (NPL); it can consist of a Preliminary Assessment (PA) or a combination of a PA and a Site Inspection (SI)

Site Cleanup

see Cleanup

Site Discovery

see Discovery

Site Inspection (SI)

a technical phase of the Superfund process, following the Preliminary Assessment (PA), during which EPA gathers information (including sampling data) from a site needed to score the site using the Hazard Ranking System (HRS) to determine whether the site should be placed on the National Priorities List (NPL)

Solvents

chemical products that are used to dissolve other compounds; typically found in cleaners and used in petrochemical processes

Sorption

a process in which something is taken up and held; as used in the Superfund Program, sorption refers to technologies that use a sorption agent that attracts, takes up, and holds hazardous waste for removal

Source Reduction

the design, manufacture, or use of products that in some way reduces the amount of waste that must be disposed of; examples include reuse of by-products, reducing consumption, extending the useful life of a product, and minimizing materials going into production

Source Separation

the segregation of hazardous materials from nonhazardous materials to reduce the volume of hazardous waste that must meet special removal and disposal requirements; it is a method used by industry to control costs

Species Richness

number of species in a community

Superfund

see CERCLA

Superfund Trust Fund

a public trust fund created with passage of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) in 1980 to be used to help pay for the cleanup of abandoned hazardous waste sites

Surface Impoundments

lined ponds storing hazardous waste

Surface Water

bodies of water that form and remain above ground, such as lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, bays, and oceans

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Technical Assistance Grant (TAG)

funds given to communities for the purpose of hiring advisors to interpret technical information related to the cleanup of Superfund sites

Toxic

poisonous

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

a Federal law that empowers EPA to require the chemical industry to test chemicals and provide safety information before they are sold

Toxicology

study of the effects of poisons in living organisms

Transpiration

a part of the hydrologic cycle in which water vapor passes out of living organisms through a membrane or pores

Treatment Technologies

processes applied to hazardous waste or contaminated materials, to permanently alter their condition through chemical, biological, or physical means, and reduce or eliminate their danger to people and the environment

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Unconfined Aquifer

an aquifer not bound by confining material

Underground Storage Tank

an underground tank storing hazardous substances or petroleum products

Unit of Measure

a predetermined quantity (as of length, time, or heat) adopted as a standard of measurement

Unsaturated Zone

an underground geologic layer in which pores and fractures are filled with a combination of air and water

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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

organic (carbon-based) compounds that evaporate at room temperature

Waste-to-Energy Incinerator

a process unit designed to burn solid, liquid, or gaseous materials under controlled conditions to reduce waste volume and produce energy

Water Table

the upper limit of a geologic layer wholly saturated with water

Water Table Aquifer

an unconfined aquifer in which the water table can rise and fall

Well

a hole sunk into the ground to reach a supply of water

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