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Ð|@ ! .ø@ " @ " "@ "@ " ":@ "ffffffæ? "š™™™™™@ "@ " <”@ " $ûA # @ # #@ #@ # #:@ #ffffffæ? #š™™™™™@ #@ # `–@ # ŒA $ @ $ $@ $@ $ $:@ $ffffffæ? $š™™™™™@ $@ $ Äš@ $ <ÔA %"@ % % @ %@ % %:@ %ffffffæ? %š™™™™™@ %@ % Zú@ % ^Ï0A &"@ & & @ &@ & &:@ &ffffffæ? &š™™™™™@ &@ & €ÁÕ@ & ¨Á A '"@ ' ' @ '@ ' ':@ 'ffffffæ? 'š™™™™™@ '@ ' Ú &A '  `A ("@ ( ( @ (@ ( (:@ (ffffffæ? (š™™™™™@ (@ ( X¼@ ( ÄÊ@ )"@ ) ) @ )@ ) ):@ )ffffffæ? )š™™™™™@ )@ ) è­A ) hÇ9A * * @ÆISA * ¨œœ‰A + + +  + :Ú@Table_A  \Ñ\RØ'3 Letter Landscape\Ñ÷ÿdÿÿÿdûÿX Xd çÝ ƒÜØâ"ÝÓ  ÓÓB.ÿÿ°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXBÓÝ  ÝÓQ=ÿÿ°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.ÿÿ°XQÓà@} } } A àB„Ú  Ú66Ú  ÚXX'16XXß'ãXXW'PAHXXE'AnnualXXé' EmissionsXX{ '=XX… '0XXé '.XX+ '034XX¯ 'lbXXK '/XX '100XX'lbsXXS'åXX#'7XX‡'.XXÉ'20XX‘'EXX'âXX‡'06XX§'lbsXXé'=XXó'2XXW'.XX™'45XXa'EXXß'âXXW'03XXw'lbsXXéI=XXóI1XXWI.XX™I22XX¹Itons †func€{€stackalign€{Ì{16„PAH€~€Annual€~€Emissions}€~\=~€Ì0.034~lb/100~lbs€~*~Ì7.20E+06~lbs€~\=&~Ì2.45E+03~lbs€~#~€~\=&~€Ì1.22€~€tonsÌ}}$ÿÿ35;AGMU]c3I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)*+ ÿÿ?u{‡•£EPA.STYEPA Style with TOC markingI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a),-./012 ÿÿ=KQW]cksyRadianRadianI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)  ÿÿCƒ‰•›£«±Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3|JÎ «)ô\  `<Tms Rmn 12ptRmn-8 25inOne!XXtô\  PŽoGXP+ó¸_ 0CG TimesBoldScalablenOne!XXzó¸_ pì^7ûX*Ͼ¦ `(CG TimesScalableblenOne!XXwϾ¦ P쉊7ûXP'ô\  `<Tms Rmn 10ptRmn-8 25inOne!ôô\ô\  PŽgGôP(µ°ä$¡¡Ó€ÓÑ°°ÑÑ °ÑÓo[ÿÿX°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓÓ  ÓÑ  уLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 Å Æ Ç DÈ DÉ Ê DË Ì DÍ Î D3kR$ÔÔ3   Ÿfunc€{€stackalign€{Ð  Ð{7„PAH€~€Annual€~€Emissions}€~\=~€Ì{3.72E„03~lb/ton}€~*~Ì3.86E+07€~€tons€~~&\=~Ì143,592€~€lbs€~#~~~&\=~€Ì71.8€~€tonsÌ}}XX'7XX{'ãXXó'PAHXXá'AnnualXX…' EmissionsXX '=XX! '3XX… '.XXÇ '72XX 'EXX 'ãXX… '03XX¥ 'lbXXA'/XXƒ'tonXXÛ'åXX«'3XX'.XXQ'86XX'EXX—'âXX'07XX/'tonsXX-'=XX7'143XXc',XX¥'592XX)'lbsXX-I=XX7I71XXÿI.XXAI8XXýItons ¡func€{€stackalign€{Ð  Ð{16„PAH€~€Annual€~€Emissions}€~\=~€Ì{2.79E„02~lb/ton}€~*~Ì3.86E+07€~€tons€~&\=~Ì1,076,940€~€lbs€~#~~&\=~€Ì538.5€~€tonsÌ}}XX'16XXß'ãXXW'PAHXXE'AnnualXXé' EmissionsXX{ '=XX… '2XXé '.XX+ '79XXó 'EXXq 'ãXXé '02XX 'lbXX¥'/XXç'tonXX?'åXX'3XXs'.XXµ'86XX}'EXXû'âXXs'07XX“'tonsXX9'=XXC'1XX§',XXé'076XX',XXW'940XXÛ'lbsXX9I=XXCI538XXoI.XX±I5XXmItons šfunc€{€stackalign€{Ð  Ð{16„PAH€~€Annual€~€Emissions}€~\=~€Ì0.34~lb/1000~lbs€~*~Ì2.40E+07~lbs€~\=&~Ì8.16E+03~lbs€~#~€~\=&~€Ì4.08€~€tonsÌ}}XX'16XXß'ãXXW'PAHXXE'AnnualXXé' EmissionsXX{ '=XX… '0XXé '.XX+ '34XXK 'lbXXç '/XX) '1000XX'lbsXXS'åXX#'2XX‡'.XXÉ'40XX‘'EXX'âXX‡'07XX§'lbsXXé'=XXó'8XXW'.XX™'16XXa'EXXß'âXXW'03XXw'lbsXXéI=XXóI4XXWI.XX™I08XX¹Itons šfunc€{€stackalign€{Ð  Ð{16„PAH€~€Annual€~€Emissions}€~\=~€Ì0.34~lb/1000~lbs€~*~Ì3.84E+07~lbs€~\=&~Ì1.31E+04~lbs€~#~€~\=&~€Ì6.53€~€tonsÌ}}XX'16XXß'ãXXW'PAHXXE'AnnualXXé' EmissionsXX{ '=XX… '0XXé '.XX+ '34XXK 'lbXXç '/XX) '1000XX'lbsXXS'åXX#'3XX‡'.XXÉ'84XX‘'EXX'âXX‡'07XX§'lbsXXé'=XXó'1XXW'.XX™'31XXa'EXXß'âXXW'04XXw'lbsXXéI=XXóI6XXWI.XX™I53XX¹Itonsõÿÿÿÿd(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularÔTABLE A_GžE›&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKbbbb'ÿÿdxd( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó%ä2¼A`ArialTable_A(ÿÿ$••ò òÚ  ÚÚ  Úó óGÙEAýÿ<< cÿÿ(u2Øâ$¢¢Ý ƒŠÙÑ!ÝÓ  ÓÓB.ÿÿ°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#°œXBÓÑ  ÑÝ  Ý šÝ ƒqžt'ÝÓ€ÓÓo[ÿÿX°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÒ°ÒÓQ=ÿÿ°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.ÿÿœXQÓß…€Ú€O?;z| ú‚ pÀ  €@@@EÂBú‚ê‚úzŠ…ßÝ ƒŠ°ä!ÝÓ€ÓÑ°°ÑÑ °ÑÓo[ÿÿX°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÝ  ÝÔ€{Xß[XX#XÔÑ„ ÑÓ€ÓÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌò òÌà@ŽŽ?ìàAPPENDIX€BˆÌÌà@ll&ìàDOCUMENTATION€OF€7-PAH€AND€16-PAH€NATIONAL€EMISSION€ESTIMATESˆÌó óÐ  H˜ ÐÓ€ÓØØÑ€DÑÑ7€C_ CXXdêdÈ7ÑB.1à0  àRESIDENTIAL€WOOD€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  à7-PAH€and€16-PAH€emission€factors€were€developed€for€conventional€woodstoves,Ð 8 ˆ Ðcatalytic/noncatalytic€woodstoves,€and€fireplaces.€€Emission€factors€for€conventionalÏwoodstoves€were€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€provided€in€AP-42Ï(U.S.€EPA,€1995a).€€AP-42€also€provided€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€catalyticÏand€for€noncatalytic€woodstoves.€€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€factors€were€developed€for€the€twoÏtypes,€and€then€averaged€together€to€obtain€factors€representing€catalytic/noncatalyticÏwoodstoves.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€emission€factors€for€fireplaces€were€developed€form€individualÏPAH€emissions€data€from€two€emissions€tests.€€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€factors€wereÏdeveloped€for€a€fireplace€burning€seasoned€oak€wood€(Hall€and€DeAngelis,€1980)€and€forÏa€fireplace€burning€green€pine€wood€(Hall€and€DeAngelis,€1980).€€The€7-PAH€andÏ16-PAH€factors€from€the€two€tests€were€averaged€together€to€obtain€factors€representingÏwood€combustion€in€fireplaces.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€emission€factors€for€conventional€woodstoves€are€0.044€andÐ öF& Ð0.718lb/ton,€respectively.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€emission€factors€for€catalytic/noncatalytic€woodstoves€are€0.048Ïand€0.627lb/ton,€respectively.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€emission€factors€for€fireplaces€are€0.007€and€0.037lb/ton,Ïrespectively.Ð (#(# ÐÐ  *V%6 ÐB.1à0  àRESIDENTIAL€WOOD€COMBUSTION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€national€7-PAH€emissions€estimates€includes€benz(a)anthracene,€benzo(a)pyrene,Ïbenzo(b)fluoranthene,€benzo(k)fluoranthene,€chrysene,€dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏindeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€national€16-PAH€emissions€estimates€include€benz(a)anthracene,€benzo(a)pyrene,Ïbenzo(b)fluoranthene,€benzo(k)fluoranthene,€chrysene,€dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Ïindeno(1,2,3„cd)pyrene,€acenaphthene,€acenaphthylene,€anthracene,€benzo(ghi)perylene,Ïfluoranthene,€fluorene,€naphthalene,€phenanthrene,€and€pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  à29.1million€cords€(33.8million€tons)€of€wood€combusted€in€residential€wood€combustionÐ æ6 Ðin€1990€(U.S.€DOE,€1993a;€(U.S.€DOE,€1993b).€€The€average€nationwide€percentage€ofÏwood€consumption€is€28€percent€for€fireplaces€and€72percent€for€woodstoves€€(U.S.ÏDOE,€1993b).€€Of€the€72percent€combusted€in€woodstoves,€no€more€than€five€percent€isÏcombusted€in€catalytic€and€noncatalytic€stoves€(Menotti,€1996).€€For€calculationalÏpurposes,€it€is€assumed€the€remaining€95percent€(of€the€72percent)€is€combusted€inÏconventional€woodstoves.€€Ð (#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# ÐòòCalculationóóÐ öF& ÐÌ1.à0  à7„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€conventional€woodstoves€=к! *(#(# Ðà0  à33.8€million€tons€*€72%€*€95%€*€0.044€lb/ton€=€1,017,245€lbÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  à7„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€catalytic€and€noncatalytic€woodstoves€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à33.8€million€tons€*€72%€*€5%€*€0.0475€lb/ton€=€57,798€lbÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  à7„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€fireplaces€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à33.8€million€tons€*€28%€*€0.0072€lb/ton€=€68,141€lbÐ (#(# ÐÐ Ê,(: ÐB.1à0  àRESIDENTIAL€WOOD€COMBUSTION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌà0  à7„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€residential€wood€combustion€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à1,017,245€lb€+€57,798€lb€+€68,141€lb€=€1,143,184€lb€=€572€tonsÐ (#(# Ðà0  à7„PAH€emission€factor€for€residential€wood€combustion€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à1,143,184€lb/33,800,000€tons€=€0.034€lb/tonÐ (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  à16„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€conventional€woodstoves€=Ð^® (#(# Ðà0  à33.8€million€tons€*€72%€*€95%€*€0.718€lb/ton€=€16,599,586€lbÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  à16„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€catalytic€and€noncatalytic€woodstoves€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à33.8€million€tons€*€72%€*€5%€*€0.6265€lb/ton€=€762,325€lbÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  à16„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€fireplaces€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à33.8€million€tons€*€28%€*€0.0367€lb/ton€=€347,329€lbÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  à16„PAH€Annual€emissions€for€residential€wood€combustion€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à16,599,586€lb€+€762,325€lb€+€347,329€lb€=€17,709,240€lb€=€8,855€tons€Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à16„PAH€emission€factor€for€residential€wood€combustion€=Ð (#(# Ðà0  à17,709,204€lb/33,800,000€tons€=€0.524€lb/ton€Ð X ¨((#(# ÐB.2à0  àRESIDENTIAL€NATURAL€GAS€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€0.0373lb/1E+12Btu€(1.6E-08g/MJ)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€2.37lb/1E+12Btu€(1.02E-06g/MJ).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€a€natural€gas-fired€hot€airÏfurnace,€wall€space€heater,€and€shell€boiler€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.ÏEPA,€1997).€€It€was€assumed€that€1cubic€foot€of€natural€gas€produces€1,000Btu.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benzo(a)pyrene.Ð„Ô (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€residential€natural€gas€consumption€in€the€UnitedStates€was€4.3E+15BtuÐ n¾ Ð(EIA,1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ ”ä$ ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€0.0373lb/1E+12Btu€*€4.3E+15Btuà0 È à=€160.4lbÐX ¨(È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#à=€0.0802tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€2.37lb/1E+12Btu€*€4.3E+15Btu€à0 È à=€1.02E+04lbÐ~$Î.È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#à=€5.1tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÌÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.3à0  àRESIDENTIAL€DISTILLATE€OIL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€5.63E-04lb/1000gallons€(6.75E-08Mg/kL)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€6.97E-03lb/1000gallons€(8.35E-07Mg/kL).€These€factorsÏwere€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€distillate€(No.2)€oil-firedÏfurnaces€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benz(a)anthracene€and€Benzo(a)pyrene.€€TheÐ "r  Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Anthracene,ÏBenzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€6.04E+09gallons€of€distillate€fuel€were€consumed€for€residential€heating€use€inÐ ªú Ðthe€UnitedStates€(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ Ð   ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€ÌÓ! °ØX›XÿÿœX!Óà  à5.63E-04lb/1000gal€*€6.04E+09gallonsà0  à=€3,400lbÐöF&(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€1.70tonsÐ (#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=Ìà  à6.97E-03lb/1000gal€*€6.04E+09€gallonsà0  à=€4.21E+04lbÐ~$Î.(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€21.0€tonsÐ (#(# ÐÐ  B'’"2 ÐB.4à0  àRESIDENTIAL€COAL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factors€for€7-PAH€were€0.0335lb/ton€(0.0168kg/Mg)€for€bituminous€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðlignite€coal€and€1.41E-04lb/ton€(7.05E-05kg/Mg)€for€anthracite€coal.€€The€emissionÏfactors€for€16-PAH€were€0.108lb/ton€(0.054kg/Mg)€for€bituminous€and€lignite€coal€andÏ6.18E-04lb/ton€(3.09E-04kg/Mg)€for€anthracite€coal.€€These€factors€were€developedÏfrom€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€residential€coal€stoves,€and€residential€coalÏboilers€and€furnaces€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factors€include:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð æ6 ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factors€include:€€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€1.9million€tons€of€bituminous€and€lignite€coal€and€732,000tons€of€anthraciteÐ ”ä$ Ðcoal€were€consumed€in€the€UnitedStates€(EIA,1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ º! * ÐÌ7-PAH€bituminous€and€lignite€coal€=€Ìà  à0.0335lb/ton€*€1.9million€tonsà0 À à=€6.37E+04lbÐà%0!0À(#À(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à=€31.8tonsÐ À(#À(# Ð7-PAH€anthracite€coal€=Ìà  à1.41E-04lb/ton€*€732,000tonsà0 À à=€103lbÐ*V%6À(#À(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à=€0.0516tonsÐ h+¸&8À(#À(# ÐB.4à0  àRESIDENTIAL€COAL€COMBUSTION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€bituminous€and€lignite€coal€=€Ìà  à0.108lb/ton€*€1.9million€tonÔ””Ô=€2.05E+05lbÐ Ö& ÐÔP P Ô=€102.6tonsÌ16-PAH€anthracite€coal€=Ìà  à6.18E-04lb/ton€*€732,000tonsÔ  Ô=€452lbÐ ü L  ÐÔP P Ô=€0.226tonsÌÐ  À  ÐÓ€ÓB.5à0  àUTILITY€COAL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# Ðà0  àUTILITY€OIL€COMBUSTIONÐ (#(# Ðà0  àUTILITY€NATURAL€GAS€COMBUSTIONÓ€ÓÐ (#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€EstimateóóÐ L œ ÐÌ1.à0  à7-PAH€and€16-PAH€national€emissions€estimates€for€1990€were€obtained€directly€from€aÐ  `  ÐU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€study€report€on€HAP€emissions€from€electricÏutility€steam€generating€units€(U.S.€EPA,€1996a).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòUtility€Coal€CombustionÐ ˜è  ÐÌóó1.à0  àThe€7-PAH€national€emissions€estimate€is€0.21€tons/yr.€€These€data€include€the€followingÐ \¬ ÐPAH:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,ÏChrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€national€emissions€estimate€is€7.55€tons/year.€€These€data€include€theÐ ä4 Ðfollowing€PAH:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,ÏBenzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,ÏAcenaphthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,ÏPhenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌòòUtility€Residual€Oil€CombustionÐ 0"€* ÐÌóó1.à0  àThe€7-PAH€national€emissions€estimate€is€0.05€tons/yr.€€These€data€include€the€followingÐ ô$D . ÐPAH:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð V&¦!0(#(# ÐÓ€ÓB.5à0  àUTILITY€COAL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# Ðà0  àUTILITY€OIL€COMBUSTIONÐ (#(# Ðà0  àUTILITY€NATURAL€GAS€COMBUSTION€(Continued)Ó€ÓÐ (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€national€emissions€estimate€is€0.57€tons/year.€€These€data€include€theÐ L œ Ðfollowing€PAH:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenaphthylene,€Anthracene,ÏBenzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌòòUtility€Natural€Gas€CombustionÐ 6†  ÐÌóó1.à0  àThere€were€no€7-PAH€compounds€listed€in€the€U.S.€EPA€study€report,€therefore,€nationalÐ úJ Ðemissions€were€not€estimated.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€national€emissions€estimate€is€0.69€tons/year.€€These€data€include€theÐ  p Ðfollowing€PAH:€€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÐ  ä4 ÐB.6à0  àINDUSTRIAL€WOOD/WOOD€RESIDUE€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€5.90E-05lb/ton€(2.95E-05kg/Mg)€and€the€16-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðemission€factor€was€3.36E-03lb/ton€(1.68E-03kg/Mg).€€These€factors€were€developedÏfrom€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€industrial€wood€waste€boilers€as€reported€inÏthe€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð "r  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,ÏBenzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€4.09E+07million€tons€of€oven-dried€wood€were€burned€for€industrial€use€in€theÐ Ð   ÐUnitedStates€(EIA,€1991;€American€Forest€and€Paper€Association,€1996).€€SeeÏAppendixA,€SectionA.15€for€more€details€on€the€derivation€of€this€volume.Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€5.90E-05lb/ton€*€4.09E+07€tons€à0 È à=€2.41E+03lbÐ#l,È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#à=€1.21tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€3.36E-03lb/ton€*€4.09E+07tonsà0 È à=€1.38E+05lbÐB'’"2È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0Èp(#p(#à=€68.8tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÐ  *V%6 ÐB.7à0  àINDUSTRIAL€NATURAL€GAS€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€test€data.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€5.56E-06€lb/MMCF€(8.91E-08g/kL).€€This€factor€wasÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€natural€gas-fired€boilers€asÏreported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Acenapthylene,€Fluoranthene,€Naphthalene,Ð æ6 ÐPhenanthrene€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€7,732billion€cubic€feet€of€natural€gas€were€consumed€for€industrial€use€in€theÐ  \ ÐUnitedStates€(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€ÌÓ-°ØXˆXDp’X°ØX›X-Óà  à5.56E-06lb/MMCF*€7,732billion€cubic€feetà0 D à=€43.0lbÐX ¨(D(#D(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#à=€0.0215tonsÐ D(#D(# ÐÐ  #l, ÐB.8à0  àINDUSTRIAL€COAL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€5.36E-05lb/ton€(2.68E-05kg/Mg)€and€the€16-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðemission€factor€was€2.72E-03lb/ton€(1.36E-03kg/Mg).€€These€factors€was€developedÏfrom€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€pulverized€bituminous€wet€and€dry-bottomÏand€bituminous€stoker€industrial€coal-fired€boilers.€€An€average€factor€was€calculatedÏusing€the€factors€from€these€two€types€of€boilers€(U.S.EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,Ð „Ô  ÐDibenz(a,h)anthracene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,ÏDibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,ÏAnthracene,€Benzo(ghi)€Perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,Ïand€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€115million€tons€of€bituminous€and€lignite€coal€and€390,000tons€of€anthraciteÐ ”ä$ Ðcoal€for€a€total€of€115.39million€tons€of€coal€consumed€in€the€UnitedStates€(EIA,1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ º! * ÐÌÓ9°ØXˆXDƒ, X°ØXˆXDp’X9Ó7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€5.36E-05€lb/ton€*€115.39million€tons€à0 È à=€6,180lbÐ~$Î.È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#à=€3.09tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€2.72E-03lb/ton€*€115.39million€tonsà0 È à=€3.14E+05lbФ(ô#4È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#à=€157tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÐ  h+¸&8 ÐB.9à0  àINDUSTRIAL€RESIDUAL€OIL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€1.60E-07lb/MMBtu€(6.88E-08g/MJ)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€2.15E-04lb/MMBtu€(9.25E-05g/MJ).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€a€No.6€oil-fired€industrial€boilerÏas€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).€€It€was€assumed€that€1gallonÏof€residual€oil€produces€150,000Btu.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Chrysene€and€Benzo(b)fluoranthene.Ð„Ô (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Chrysene,€Benzo(b)Fluoranthene,€Acenapthylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€industrial€residual€oil€consumption€in€the€UnitedStates€was€4.16E+08MMBtuÐ n¾ Ð(EIA,1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ ”ä$ ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€1.60E-07lb/MMBtu€*€4.16E+08MMBtu€à0  à=€66.6lbÐX ¨( (# (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0 È(#È(#à=€0.0333tonsÐ  (# (# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€2.15E-04lb/MMBtu€*€4.16E+08MMBtu€à0  à=€8.94E+04lbÐ~$Î. (# (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0 È(#È(#à=€44.7tonsÐ  (# (# ÐÌÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.10à0  àINDUSTRIAL€WASTE€OIL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€4.53E-03lb/1,000gallons€(5.43E-04€kg/kL)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€0.0265lb/1,000gallons€(1.44E-03€kg/kL).€These€factorsÏwere€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€waste€oil€combustion€inÏspace€heaters€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð "r  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€for€bituminous€coal€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,ÏBenzo(a)pyrene,€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1993,€590million€gallons€of€industrial€waste€oil€was€consumed€in€the€UnitedStatesÐ 2‚" Ð(U.S.€EPA,1993a).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=Ìà  à4.53E-03lb/1,000gallon€*€590million€gallonsà0 D à=€2,670lbÐ~$Î.D(#D(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#à=€1.34tonsÐ D(#D(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€Ìà  à0.0265lb/1,000gallons€*€590million€gallons€à0 D à=€1.56E+04lbÐ*V%6D(#D(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#à=€7.82tonsÐ h+¸&8D(#D(# ÐB.11à0  àINDUSTRIAL€DISTILLATE€OIL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€5.96E-09lb/MMBtu€(2.56E-09g/MJ)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€5.00E-05lb/MMBtu(2.15E-05g/MJ).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€a€No.2€oil-fired€boiler€with€noÏcontrol€device€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benzo(a)pyrene.Ð"r (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Fluoranthene,€Naphthalene,€andÏPyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€industrial€distillate€oil€consumption€in€the€UnitedStates€was€2.46E+08MMBtuÐ  \ Ð(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=Ìà  à5.96E-09lb/MMBtu€*€2.46E+08€MMBtuà0  à=€1.47lbÐX ¨((#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€7.33E-04tonsÐ (#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€Ìà  à5.00E-05lb/MMBtu€*€2.46E+08MMBtuà0  à=€1.23E+04lbÐà%0!0(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€6.15€tonsÐ (#(# ÐÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.12à0  àCOMMERCIAL€WOOD/WOOD€RESIDUE€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€7.43E-05lb/MMBtu€(3.19E-05g/MJ)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€2.63E-03lb/MMBtu€(1.13E-03g/MJ).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€wood€waste-firedÏcommercial/institutional€boilers€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.ÏEPA,1997).€It€was€assumed€that€1lb€of€dry€wood€produces€8,000Btu.€Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,€Benz(a)anthracene,Ð „Ô  ÐBenzo(b+k)fluoranthene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benzo(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,ÏBenzo(b+k)fluoranthene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,ÏFluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€Pyrene,€Acenapthylene,€and€Anthracene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€commercial€wood/wood€residue€consumption€in€the€UnitedStates€wasÐ 2‚" Ð2.72E+07MMBtu€(EIA,1991).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€7.43E-05lb/MMBtu€*€2.72E+07MMBtu€à0  à=€2,020lbÐ#l, (# (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0 È(#È(#à=€1.01tonsÐ  (# (# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€2.63E-03lb/MMBtu€*€2.72E+07MMBtuà0  à=€7.15E+04lbÐB'’"2 (# (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0 È(#È(#à=€35.8€tonsÐ  (# (# ÐÐ  *V%6 ÐB.13à0  àCOMMERCIAL€NATURAL€GAS€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€test€data€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ€à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€16-PAH€was€2.54E-05lb/MMCF€(4.07E-07g/kL).€€This€factorÐ ^®  Ðwas€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€natural€gas€fired€commercialÏboilers€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Fluoranthene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€andÐ æ6 ÐPyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€2,677billion€cubic€feet€of€natural€gas€were€consumed€for€commercial€use€in€theÐ  \ ÐUnitedStates€(EIA,1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌÓB° ØXˆXDƒ, ¶xX°ØXˆXDƒ, XBÓ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€2.54E-05lb/MMCF*€2,677billion€cubic€feetà0 ¶ à=€68.0lbÐöF&¶(#¶(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0 È(#È(#àà0¶ (# (#à=€0.034tonsÐ ¶(#¶(# ÐÐ  º! * ÐB.14à0  àCOMMERCIAL€COAL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€0.0200lb/ton€(0.0100kg/Mg)€for€bituminous€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðlignite€coal;€there€was€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€anthracite€coalÏcombustion.€€The€16-PAH€emission€factors€were€0.0771lb/ton€(0.0386kg/Mg)€forÏbituminous€and€lignite€coal€and€0.137lb/ton€(0.0684kg/Mg)€for€anthracite€coal.€€TheseÏfactors€were€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€commercial€coalÏbituminous€stoker€boilers€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,€andÐ æ6 ÐDibenz(a,h)anthracene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factors€include:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,ÏDibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,Ïand€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€3.6million€tons€of€bituminous€and€lignite€and€493,000tons€of€anthraciteÐ ”ä$ Ðcommercial€coal€were€consumed€in€the€UnitedStates€(EIA,1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ º! * ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=ÌÓE°ØXˆXD…,¶xX° ØXˆXDƒ, ¶xXEÓà  à0.0200lb/ton*€3.6million€tons€of€bituminous€and€lignite€coalà0 ô à=€7.2E+04lbÐà%0!0ô(#ô(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#à=€36tonsÐ ô(#ô(# Ð16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=Ìà  à0.0771lb/ton*€3.6million€tons€of€bituminous€and€lignite€coalà0 ô à=€2.78E+05lbÐ*V%6ô(#ô(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#à=€139tonsÐ h+¸&8ô(#ô(# ÐB.14à0  àCOMMERCIAL€COAL€COMBUSTION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=Ìà  à0.137lb/ton*€493,000tons€of€anthracite€coal€à0 D àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#à=€6.74E+04lbÐÖ&ô(#ô(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#à=€33.7tonsÐ 8 ˆô(#ô(# ÐB.15à0  àCOMMERCIAL€DISTILLATE€OIL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€5.96E-09lb/MMBtu€(2.56E-09g/MJ)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€5.00E-05lb/MMBtu(2.15E-05g/MJ).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€a€No.2€oil-fired€boiler€with€noÏcontrol€device€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benzo(a)pyrene.Ð"r (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€for€bituminous€coal€includes:€€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏFluoranthene,€Naphthalene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€commercial€distillate€oil€consumption€in€the€UnitedStates€wasÐ  \ Ð5.27E+08MMBtu€(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=Ìà  à5.96E-09lb/MMBtu€*€5.27E+08€MMBtuà0  à=€3.14lbÐX ¨((#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€1.57E-03tonÐ (#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€Ìà  à5.00E-05lb/MMBtu€*€5.27E+08MMBtuà0  à=€2.6E+04lbÐà%0!0(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€13.2tonsÐ (#(# ÐÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.16à0  àCOMMERCIAL€RESIDUAL€OIL€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€1.60E-07lb/MMBtu€(6.88E-08g/MJ)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€2.14E-04lb/MMBtu(9.20E-05g/MJ).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€a€No.6€oil-fired€industrial€boilerÏwith€no€control€device€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benzo(b)fluoranthene€and€Chrysene.Ð"r (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Acenapthylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€commercial€residual€oil€consumption€in€the€UnitedStates€was€3.75E+08MMBtuÐ  \ Ð(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=Ìà  à1.60E-07lb/MMBtu€*€3.75E+08€MMBtuà0  à=€60.0lbÐX ¨((#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€0.0300tonsÐ (#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€Ìà  à2.14E-04lb/MMBtu€*€3.75E+08MMBtuà0  à=€8.025E+04lbÐà%0!0(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€40.1€tonsÐ (#(# ÐÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.17à0  àÓ€ÓDIESEL-FIRED€STATIONARY€INTERNAL€COMBUSTION€ENGINES€-Ð ° ÐRECIPROCATINGÓ€ÓÐ (#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ `° ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€3.36E-06lb/MMBtu€(1.44E-06g/MJ)€andÐ $ t  Ðthe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€1.89E-04lb/MMBtu€(8.13E-05g/MJ).€€These€factorsÏwere€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€industrial,€commercial,€andÏinstitutional€engines€and€industrial€large€bore€engines€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&EÏdocument€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð pÀ ÐBenzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,ÏAcenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,ÏNaphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€distillate€oil€(diesel€fuel)€consumption€in€stationary€reciprocating€IC€engines€inÐ €Ð% Ðthe€United€States€was€5.31E+07MMBtu€(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ ¦"ö+ ÐÌ߉€IKJQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°j%x§d²ß°j%x§‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±â߉€IMLQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°.(x§d:ß°.(x§‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#âÐ .(~#3°±°± ÐB.18à0  àÓ€ÓNATURAL€GAS-FIRED€STATIONARY€INTERNAL€COMBUSTION€ENGINES€-Ð ° ÐRECIPROCATINGÓ€ÓÐ (#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ `° ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€2.75E-03lb/MMCF€(0.044kg/MMmòò3óó)€andÐ $ t  Ðthe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€0.127lb/MMCF€(2.03kg/MMmòò3óó).€€These€factors€wereÐ † Ö  Ðdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€two-cycle€lean€burn€andÏfour-cycle€rich€burn€internal€combustion€engines€with€no€control€devices€as€reported€inÏthe€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð pÀ ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€750billion€cubic€feet€of€natural€gas€were€consumed€in€stationary€reciprocatingÐ â2' ÐIC€engines€in€the€United€States€(EIA,1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ $X- ÐÌ߉€IONQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°Ì&x§dß°Ì&x§‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±â߉€IQPQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°)x§dJß°)x§‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#âÐ )à$5°±°± ÐB.19à0  àDIESEL-FIRED€INTERNAL€COMBUSTION€ENGINES€-€GAS€TURBINESа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€test€data.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€1.03E-07lb/MMBtu€(4.43E-08g/MJ).€€This€factor€wasÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€electric€generation€diesel-firedÏgas€turbines€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Anthracene,€Fluorene,€and€Phenanthrene.Ðæ6(#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€distillate€oil€(diesel€fuel)€consumption€in€gas€turbines€in€the€United€States€wasÐ ªú Ð3.01E+08MMBtu€(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ Ð   ÐÌ߉€ISRQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°”xSdì‹°”xS‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌÐ  #l, ÐÓ€ÓB.20à0  àNATURAL€GAS-FIRED€STATIONARY€INTERNAL€COMBUSTION€ENGINES€-Ð ° ÐGAS€TURBINESÓ€ÓÐ (#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ `° ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ $ t  Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€test€data.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€4.90E-05lb/MMBtu€(2.11E-05g/MJ).€€This€factor€wasÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€electric€generation€naturalÏgas-fired€gas€turbines€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Naphthalene.ÐÒ"(#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€natural€gas€consumption€in€gas€turbines€in€the€United€States€wasÐ –æ Ð5.62E+08MMBtu€(EIA,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ ¼ ! ÐÌ߉€IUTQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°€xSdˆ‹°€xS‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌÐ  $X- ÐB.21à0  àMUNICIPAL€WASTE€COMBUSTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€was€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€the€emissions€testÐ 8 ˆ Ðdata€used€to€develop€emission€factors€show€that€none€of€the€7-PAH€were€detected€in€anyÏtest€run€at€any€facility€(U.S.€EPA,€1997;€Zannes,€1996).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€is€6.07E-06lb/ton€and€includes€only€naphthalene.€€TheÐ À  Ðemissions€test€data€used€to€develop€the€emission€factors€show€that€none€of€the€otherÏ16-PAH€were€detected€in€any€test€run€at€any€facility€(U.S.€EPA,€1997;€Zannes,€1996).Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1991,€3.24E+07tons€of€municipal€waste€were€incinerated€in€the€UnitedStates€(U.S.Ð H˜ ÐEPA,€1992a).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ n¾ ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€6.06E-06lb/ton€*€3.24E+07tonsà0 œ à=€197lbÐ2‚"œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€0.099tonsÐ ”ä$œ(#œ(# ÐB.22à0  àSEWAGE€SLUDGE€INCINERATIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€1.82E-05lb/ton€(9.11E-06kg/Mg)€and€the€16-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðemission€factor€was€3.44E-03lb/ton€(1.72E-03kg/Mg).€€These€factors€was€developedÏfrom€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€a€multihearth€sewage€sludge€incineratorÏwith€a€wet€scrubber€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð "r  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,ÏAcenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,ÏNaphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€9.53E+05tons€of€sewage€sludge€were€incinerated€in€the€UnitedStatesÐ 2‚" Ð(U.S.EPA,1994a).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€1.82E-05€lb/ton€*€9.53E+05tonà0 œ à=€17.4lbÐ#l,œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€8.67E-03tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€3.44E-03lb/ton€*€9.53E+05tonà0 œ à=€3.28E+03lbÐB'’"2œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€1.64tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÐ  *V%6 ÐB.23à0  àMEDICAL€WASTE€INCINERATIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€test€data€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€9.22E-04lb/ton€(4.61E-04kg/Mg).€€This€factor€wasÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€medical€waste,€multi-chamberedÏand€single€chambered€incinerators€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S€EPA,Ï1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Naphthalene.ÐH˜(#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€1.73E+06€tons€of€medical€waste€were€incinerated€in€the€UnitedStatesÐ  \ Ð(Copeland,€1997).€Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€9.22E-04lb/ton€*€1.73E+06tonsà0 œ à=€1,595lbsÐöF&œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€0.798tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÐ  º! * ÐB.24à0  àHAZARDOUS€WASTE€INCINERATIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€2.91E-05€lb/ton€(1.46E-05€kg/Mg)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€2.44E-04€lb/ton€(1.22E-04€kg/Mg).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€from€a€liquid€injection€incineratorÏfor€mixed€liquid€industrial€waste€as€they€are€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.SÏEPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð „Ô  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,ÏFluorene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1992,€approximately€249€million€metric€tons€of€hazardous€waste€were€generated.€€It€isÐ öF& Ðestimated€that€of€the€total€amount€of€hazardous€waste€incinerated,€1.3€million€tons€wereÏburned€in€dedicated€hazardous€waste€facilities.€€(Dempsey€and€Oppelt,€1993).Ð (#(# ÐÌ€€òòCalculationóóÐ ~$Î. ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€1.3E+06€metric€tons€*€1.1€ton/metric€ton€*€2.91E„05€lb/tonÌÔààÔ=€42€lbsÌÔààÔ=€0.021€tonsÌÌÐ  Ê,(: ÐB.24à0  àHAZARDOUS€WASTE€INCINERATION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€1.3E+06€metric€tons€*€1.1€ton/metric€ton€*€2.44E„04€lb/tonÌÔààÔ=€349€lbÌÔààÔ=€0.17€tonsÌÐ  š ê  ÐB.25à0  àDRUM€AND€BARREL€RECLAMATIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€5.53E-07lb/1,000barrelsÐ 8 ˆ Ð(2.5E-10Mg/1,000barrels)€and€the€16-PAH€emission€factor€wasÏ3.56E-05lb/1,000barrels€(1.61E-08Mg/1,000barrels).€€These€factors€were€developedÏfrom€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€55-gallon€drum€recycling€furnace€asÏreported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,€andÐ „Ô  ÐChrysene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,ÏChrysene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,ÏNaphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1994,€4.60E+06€55-gallon€drums€were€reclaimed€in€the€United€StatesÐ 2‚" Ð(U.S.EPA,1994a).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌ߉€IWVQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°#xSd$‹°#xS‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±â߉€IYXQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°Ì&xSd‹°Ì&xS‰ß°Ð Ê,(: ÐB.26à0  àSCRAP€TIRE€INCINERATIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€1.68E-03€lb/million€tires€(0.762g/millionÐ 8 ˆ Ðtires)€and€the€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€0.40€lb/million€tires€(181g/million€tires).€ÏThese€factors€were€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€factors€from€scrap€tireÏincinerators€(U.S€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benzo(b)fluorantheneÐ"r (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,€Acenaphthene,€Anthracene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€25.9million€scrap€tires€were€burned€in€the€United€States€(U.S.€EPA,€1991b).Ð \(#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ Ð   ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€1.68E-03€lb/million€tires€*€25.9€million€tiresà0  à=€0.0435€lbsДä$ (# (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#àà0 ô(#ô(#à=€2.17E-05€tonsÐ  (# (# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€0.40€lb/million€tires€*€25.9million€tires€à0 ô àà0 ô(#ô(#à=€10.4€lbsк! * (# (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#àà0 ô(#ô(#à=€5.18E-03€tonsÐ #l, (# (# ÐB.27à0  àLANDFILL€FLARESа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€3.08E-08lb/MMBtu€(1.32E-11g/kJ)€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€1.30E-05lb/MMBtu€(5.56E-09g/kJ).€€These€factorsÏwere€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€from€a€solid€waste€landfillÏwaste€gas€flare€with€an€afterburner€control€device€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€documentÏ(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð „Ô  ÐBenzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,ÏAcenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,ÏNaphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1994,€landfill€waste€gas€consumed€in€flares€in€the€United€States€was€6.85E+07MMBtuÐ ”ä$ Ð(Berenyi,€1994).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationsóóÐ º! * ÐÌ߉€I[ZQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°~$x§dìß°~$x§‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌ߉€I]\QA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°¤(x§dˆß°¤(x§ ‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#âÐ ¤(ô#4°±°± ÐB.28à0  àPRIMARY€ALUMINUM€PRODUCTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àOverall€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€emission€factors€were€developed€from€the€backgroundÐ 8 ˆ Ðinformation€used€to€develop€MACT€standards€that€is€presented€in€the€Technical€SupportÏDocument€(U.S.€EPA,€1996b).€€Overall€emission€factors€were€developed€for€theÏindividual€emission€factors€for€six€processes€involved€in€producing€primary€aluminum:€ÏHorizontal€stud€Soderberg€cells;€vertical€Soderberg€cells;€pre„bake€cells,€casting;€pasteÏproduction€and,€anode€bake€furnaces€(Fruh,€1997).€€In€the€reduction€process,€66€percent€ofÏproduction€is€in€pre„bake€cells,€21percent€of€production€is€in€horizontal€Soderberg€cells,Ïand€13percent€of€production€is€in€vertical€Soderberg€cells.€€The€emission€factors€for€eachÏoperation€were€weighted€according€to€the€respective€production€percent.€€Half€of€allÏprimary€aluminum€produced€goes€through€the€casting€process.€€Emission€factors€for€pasteÏplants€and€anode€bake€furnaces,€which€are€given€in€lb/ton€of€paste,€were€converted€toÏlb/ton€aluminum€by€multiplying€by€0.5€(typical€carbon€usage€is€0.5lb/lb€aluminum)€andÏwere€multiplied€by€0.66because€only€pre„bake€plants€have€anode€bake€furnaces.€€TheÏestimates€for€the€individual€processes€for€1990€were€derived€based€on€the€percent€of€theÏcapacity€that€was€uncontrolled,€the€percent€controlled€by€various€devices,€and€theÏappropriate€emission€factors€for€each.€€The€overall€factor€is€the€sum€of€the€weightedÏindividual€factors.€€The€individual€and€overall€factors€are€shown€below€in€theÏcalculations.€€The€1990€emissions€estimates€will€be€reduced€by€50percent€after€theÏprimary€aluminum€industry€MACT€is€implemented.€Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factors€include:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð à%0!0 ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌÐ  h+¸&8 ÐB.28à0  àPRIMARY€ALUMINUM€PRODUCTION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factors€include:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,ÏDibenz(a,h)anthracene,Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,ÏAnthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,ÏandPyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€4.41E+06€tons€of€primary€aluminum€were€produced€in€the€United€StatesÐ À  Ð(Plunkert€and€Sehnke,€1990).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ æ6 ÐÌWeighted€Emission€Factors€for€Horizontal€Stud€Soderberg€CellsÌ7-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.058€lb/ton€*€0.21à0  à=€0.012€lb/tonÐ \(#(# Ð16-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.59€lb/ton€*€0.21à0  à=€0.12€lb/tonÐn¾(#(# ÐÌWeighted€Emission€Factors€for€Vertical€Soderberg€CellsÌ7-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.12€lb/ton€*€0.13à0 À àà0À(#À(#à=€0.016€lb/tonДä$(#(# Ð16-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.49€lb/ton€*€0.13à0  à=€0.064€lb/tonÐöF&(#(# ÐÌWeighted€Emission€Factors€for€Vertical€Pre-bake€CellsÌ7-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.0013€lb/ton€*€0.66à0  à=€0.00086€lb/tonÐ#l,(#(# Ð16-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.0073€lb/ton€*€0.66à0  à=€0.0048€lb/tonÐ~$Î.(#(# ÐÌWeighted€Emission€Factors€for€Casting€OperationsÌ7-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€3.64E-04€lb/ton€*€0.50à0  à=€0.000182€lb/tonФ(ô#4(#(# Ð16-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€1.30E-02€lb/ton€*€0.50à0  à=€0.0069€lb/tonÐ*V%6(#(# ÐÌÐ  Ê,(: ÐB.28à0  àPRIMARY€ALUMINUM€PRODUCTION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌWeighted€Emission€Factors€for€Paste€ProductionÌ7-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€3.7E-03€lb/ton€paste€*€0.5€ton€paste/ton€Al€=€0.0019€lb/tonÌ16-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.029€lb/ton€paste€*€0.5€ton€paste/ton€Al€=€0.015€lb/tonÌÌWeighted€Emission€Factors€for€Anode€Bake€FurnacesÌ7-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.10€lb/ton€anode€*€0.5€ton€anode/ton€Al€*€0.66€=€0.033€lb/tonÌ16-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€0.27€lb/ton€anode€*€0.5€ton€anode/ton€Al€*€0.66€=€0.089€lb/tonÌÌOverall€Emission€FactorsÌ7-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€(0.012)€+€(0.016)€+€(0.00086)€+€(0.000182)€+€(0.0019)€+€(0.033)Ï=0.064€lb/tonÌÌ16-PAH€Emission€Factor€=€(0.12)€+€(0.064)€+€(0.0048)€+€(0.0069)€+€(0.015)€+€(0.089)€=0.30Ïlb/tonÌÌòòTotal€Annual€EmissionsóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€0.064€*€4.41E+06€tonà0  à=€282,240€lbsÐöF&(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€141tonsÐ (#(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€0.30€*€4.41E+06€tonà0  à=€1,323,000€lbsÐ#l,(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€662€tonsÐ ~$Î.(#(# ÐB.29à0  àFERROALLOY€MANUFACTURINGа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€emission€factors€were€developed€by€EPA€from€the€individualÐ 8 ˆ ÐPAH€emissions€from€open€EAFs€producing€silicon€metal,€ferrosilicon,€silicomanganese,Ïferromanganese,€calcium€carbide,€and€ferrochrome.€€PAH€emissions€from€covered€andÏsemi„covered€furnaces€were€not€quantified€and€are€assumed€to€be€negligible€because€allÏcovered€and€semi„covered€furnaces€have€flares€(Chin,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð „Ô  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3„cd)pyrene€for€open€furnaces.€€Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Acenaphthene,€Acenaphthylene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,ÏChrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Anthracene,ÏBenzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Phenanthrene,€Naphthalene,€and€Pyrene€forÏopen€furnaces.€€€Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àUncontrolled€emission€factors€were€developed€based€on€fuel€consumption€of€wood,€coal,Ð X ¨( Ðand€coke€(Chin,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ4.à0  àThe€uncontrolled€emission€factors€were€converted€to€controlled€emission€factorsÐ ~$Î. Ðassuming€99€percent€control€of€organics€(Chin,€1997).Ð à%0!0(#(# ÐB.29à0  àFERROALLOY€MANUFACTURING€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌ5.à0  àThe€resulting€controlled€emission€factors€are:ÐtÄ(#(# ÐÌà  àòò7-PAHóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌà  à0.000824€lbs/ton€wood€consumedÌà  à0.002324€lbs/ton€coal€consumedÌà  à0.000232€lbs/ton€coke€consumedÌÌà  àòò16-PAHóóÐ „Ô  ÐÌà  à0.001752€lbs/ton€wood€consumedÌà  à0.005035€lbs/ton€coal€consumedÌà  à0.000503€lbs/ton€coke€consumedÌÌ6.à0  àThe€controlled€emission€factors€were€then€multiplied€by€estimated€fuel€consumption€forÐ Ð   Ðeach€ferroalloy€manufacturing€facility€in€the€U.S.€with€an€open€furnace.€€FuelÏconsumption€estimates€were€developed€based€on€annual€production€levels€(Chin,1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌ7„PAH€Annual€Emissions€Open€EAFsÌÌà  à0.000824€lb/ton€wood€consumed€*€207,513€tons€wood€=€170.99€lbsÌà  à0.002324€lb/ton€coal€consumed€*€141,836€tons€coal€=€316.63€lbs.Ìà  à0.000232€lb/ton€coke€consumed€*€89,390€tons€coke€=€20.74€lbs.Ð  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.29à0  àFERROALLOY€MANUFACTURING€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌ16€PAH€Annual€Emissions€Open€EAFsÌÌà  à0.001752€lb/ton€wood€consumed€*€207,513€tons€wood€=€363.56€lbs€Ìà  à0.005035€lb/ton€coal€consumed€*€141,836€tons€coal€=€714.14€lbsÌà  à0.000503€lb/ton€coke€consumed€*€89,390€tons€coke€=€44.96€lbsÌÌòòTotal€Annual€EmissionóóÐ À  ÐÌ7-PAH€=€170.99€lbs€+€316.63€lbs€+€20.74€lbs€ðð€2000€=€0.25€tons€Ì16-PAH€=€363.56€lbs€+€714.14€lbs€+€44.96€lbs€ðð€2000€=€0.56€tons€Ð  æ6 ÐB.30à0  àIRON€FOUNDRIESа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€2.07E-05lb/ton€(1.04E-05kg/Mg)€and€16-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðemission€factor€was€6.21E-05lb/ton€(3.10E-05kg/Mg).€€These€factors€were€developedÏfrom€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€from€two€testing€programs€at€a€gray€ironÏfoundry€using€a€cupola€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð "r  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€6,187,878million€tons€of€iron€castings€that€were€cupola-melted€were€producedÐ ”ä$ Ðin€the€UnitedStates€(Mosher,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ º! * ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€2.07E-05lb/ton€*€6,187,878million€tonsà0 ô à=€128lbÐ~$Î.ô(#ô(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#à=€0.06tonsÐ ô(#ô(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€6.21E-05lb/ton€*€6,187,878milliontons€=€384lbÌÔÐÐÐ  Ô=€0.19tonsÐ  *V%6 ÐB.31à0  àSECONDARY€LEAD€SMELTINGа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€calculation€of€national€emissions€for€the€secondary€lead€category€was€based€on€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðmost€recent€emission€factor€test€data€for€POM€species€that€could€be€determined€and€theÏproduction€levels€of€lead€by€furnace€type.€€Much€of€the€information€for€these€estimatesÏwas€obtained€from€the€EPA€staff€involved€with€the€development€of€the€MACT€standardÏfor€this€source€category.€€Production€data€were€provided€by€the€MACT€staff€for€threeÏbreakdowns€of€furnace€type.€€These€are€as€follows.Ð (#(# ÐÌà  àBlast€Furnaces:à  àà h àà À à273,396€Mg/yr€productionÐ æ6 Ðà  àBlast/Reverb€Furnaces:à h àà À à613,902€Mg/yr€productionÐ H˜ Ðà  àReverb€and€Rotary€Furnaces:à h àà À à305,176€Mg/yr€productionÐ ªú Ðà  àTOTAL:à ¸ àà  àà h àà À à1,192,474€Mg/yrÐ  \ ÐÌà0  àPOM€emission€factors€were€not€available€for€each€of€these€furnace€types;€therefore,Ïassumptions€had€to€be€made€that€resulted€in€combining€some€furnace€types€together€inÏorder€to€calculate€emissions.€€Based€on€input€from€the€MACT€team,€the€production€dataÏfor€the€Blast/Reverb€and€the€Reverb€and€Rotary€were€combined€together€and€applied€toÏthe€emission€factors€that€were€available€for€rotary€furnaces.€€The€production€breakdowns,Ïby€furnace€type,€that€were€used€to€calculate€national€emissions€are€as€follows.Ð (#(# ÐÌà  àBlast€Furnaces:à  àà h àà À àà  à273,396€Mg/yrÐ ~$Î. Ðà  àBlast/Reverb€and€Rotary€Furnaces:à À àà  à919,078€Mg/yrÐ à%0!0 Ðà  àTOTAL:à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à1,192,474€Mg/yrÐ B'’"2 ÐÌà0  àBased€on€these€data€and€emission€factor€information,€national€7-PAH€estimates€wereÏcalculated.€€The€national€estimate€for€16-PAH€was€provided€directly€from€the€EPA€Ð (#(# ÐÐ Ê,(: ÐB.31à0  àSECONDARY€LEAD€SMELTING€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌà0  àMACT€development€program€for€secondary€lead€smelting.€€Specific€details€on€how€theÏ16-PAH€estimate€was€derived€were€not€available.€€The€EPA€MACT€program€groupÏwould€need€to€be€contacted€to€obtain€these€data.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€emission€factors€were€determined€for€7-PAH€by€furnace€grouping.€€Each€grouping€isÐ ü L  Ðexplained€below.Ð (#(# ÐÌòòà  àBlast€FurnacesóóÐ "r  ÐÌà  àa.à0 ` à7-PAH€Factor:€The€available€test€data€had€no€results€for€any€of€the€speciesÐ æ6 Ðidentified€as€being€in€the€7-PAH€group;€therefore,€there€is€no€7-PAH€factor€forÏblast€furnaces.€€Consequently,€there€is€no€national€emission€estimate€for€thisÏsource€as€well.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà  àòòRotary€and€Blast/Reverb€FurnacesÐ Ð   ÐÌà  àóóa.à0 ` à7-PAH€Factor:€€The€available€test€data€from€the€MACT€program€only€containedÐ ”ä$ Ðdata€for€one€specie€in€the€list€of€7-PAH.€€This€specie€was€chrysene.€€TheÏuncontrolled€chrysene€emission€factor€that€was€developed€from€the€data€was:Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà  àà ` à0.00183lb/ton€(0.000917kg/Mg),€UncontrolledÌÌà  àà0 ` àThe€same€rationale€and€approach€described€above€in€terms€of€reflecting€controlledÏMACT€levels€for€national€emissions€was€applied€here€as€well.€€The€MACT€teamÏindicated€that€for€these€sources€a€control€of€approximately€98percent€would€beÏachieved.€€The€uncontrolled€chrysene€factor€was€adjusted€accordingly€as€follows.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌà  àà0 ` à(0.00183lb/ton)€x€(0.02)€=€0.000037lb/ton€(0.000018kg/Mg)ÐÊ,(:` (#` (# ÐB.31à0  àSECONDARY€LEAD€SMELTING€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àThis€factor€was€used€to€calculate€national€emissions.Ð ` (#` (# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌ1.à  à7-PAH€Emissions:Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àòòBlast€FurnacesóóÐ À  ÐÌà0  àAs€discussed€above,€due€to€a€lack€of€data,€there€is€no€national€estimate€for€blast€furnacesÏfor€the€7-PAH€group.Ð (#(# ÐÌà  àòòRotary€and€Blast/ReverbóóÐ ªú ÐÌÓ€Óà0  à(919,078€Mg/yr€production)€x€(0.000018kg/Mg)€=€0.017€Mg/yr€(represents€onlyÏchrysene)Ó€ÓÐ (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  à16-PAH€Emissions:Ðn#(#(# ÐÌà  àThe€16-PAH€emissions€estimate€provided€by€the€EPA€MACT€program€for€secondary€leadÏsmelting€is€69.9€tons€of€emissions€in€1990.€€The€16-PAH€figure€included€the€PAH€species€ofÏnaphthalene,€pyrene,€and€chrysene€(Cavendar,€1997).€€No€breakdown€by€furnace€type€wasÏprovided.Ð  $X- ÐB.32à0  àPETROLEUM€REFINERY:€ALL€PROCESSESа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€used€for€catalytic€cracking€units€for€the€7-PAH€group€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ð1.66E-05lb/barrel€(7.53E-06kg/barrel)€and€the€16-PAH€emission€factor€wasÏ3.16E-04lb/barrel€(1.43E-04kg/barrel).€€These€factors€were€developed€from€theÏindividual€PAH€emission€factors€for€two€types€of€catalytic€cracking€units€(U.S.€EPA,Ï1997).€€Fluid€catalytic€cracking€units€make€up€90percent€of€the€cracking€units.€ÏMoving-bed€catalytic€cracking€units€make€up€the€remaining€10percent.€€The€emissionÏfactors€were€developed€using€a€weighted€average€based€on€the€percentage€each€type€ofÏcracking€unit€contributes€to€the€total€production.€Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benzo(a)pyrene.Ъú(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1991,€1.98E+09€barrels€of€oil€were€chargedto€catalytic€cracking€units€in€the€UnitedÐ ”ä$ ÐStates€(Oil€and€Gas€Journal,€1991).Ð (#(# ÐÌ4.à0  àFor€emissions€sources€other€than€catalytic€cracking,€a€naphthalene€estimate€was€providedÐ º! * Ðby€the€EPA€MACT€rule€development€program.€€The€MACT€program€compiled€anÏemissions€estimate€for€16„PAH€(naphthalene€only)€for€all€refinery€processes€other€thanÏcatalytic€cracking€of€783€tons€(Durham,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.32à0  àPETROLEUM€REFINERY:€ALL€PROCESSES€(Continued)а(#(# ÐòòÌCalculationóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ߉€IdcQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°8 x§dÔß°8 x§ ‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌ߉€IfeQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°^x§dàß°^x§ ‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌCombining€the€naphthalene€and€16€PAH€values€provides€a€total€16„PAH€estimate€of:ÌÌà0  à16€PAH:à ¸ à313€+€783€=€1,096€tons/yrÐH˜(#(# ÐÐ  ªú ÐB.33à0  àASPHALT€ROOFING€MANUFACTURINGа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€1.10E-04lb/ton€(5.50E-05kg/Mg)€for€feltÐ 8 ˆ Ðsaturation.€€There€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€for€asphalt€blowing€because€none€of€theÏ7-PAH€were€reported€in€the€available€test€data.€€The€16-PAH€emission€factors€wereÏ5.10E-03lb/ton€(2.55E-03kg/Mg)€for€asphalt€blowing€and€3.17E-04lb/tonÏ(1.58E-04kg/Mg)€for€felt€saturation.€€The€overall€7-PAH€emission€factor€wasÏ1.10E-04lb/ton€(5.50E-05kg/Mg)€and€the€overall€16-PAH€emission€factor€wasÏ2.86E-03lb/ton€(1.93E-03kg/Mg)€(U.S.€EPA,€1980).Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThese€factors€were€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€twoÏprocesses€involved€in€producing€asphalt€roofing:€€asphalt€blowing€and€felt€saturation.€ÏHalf€of€the€weight€of€asphalt€roofing€products€is€blown€asphalt.€€The€overall€emissionÏfactors€were€calculated€by€summing€the€total€emissions€from€asphalt€blowing€and€feltÏsaturation€and€dividing€by€the€total€asphalt€roofing€produced.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€and€Chrysene.€€Ð”ä$(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Chrysene,€Anthracene,ÏFluoranthene,€and€Phenanthrene.€€Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1993,€3.05E+07€tons€of€asphalt€roofing€was€produced€in€the€United€States€(AsphaltÐ ~$Î. ÐRoofing€Manufacturers€Association,€1994).€€Ð (#(# ÐÌÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐB.33à0  àASPHALT€ROOFING€MANUFACTURING€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ tÄ ÐÌAsphalt€BlowingÌÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€5.10E-03€lb/ton€*€1.52E+07€tonsà0 œ à=€7.75E+04€lbÐü L œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€38.8€tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÌFelt€SaturationÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€1.1E-04€lb/ton€*€3.05E+07€tonsà0 œ à=€3360€lbÐ„Ô œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€1.68€tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€3.17E-04€lb/ton€*€3.05E+07€tonsà0 œ à=€9,670€lbЪúœ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€4.83€tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÌòòTotal€EmissionsóóÐ Ð   Ð7-PAH€Total€Annual€Emission€1.68€tons€+€0€tons€à0  àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€1.68€tonsÐ2‚"œ(#œ(# Ð16-PAH€Total€Annual€Emission€4.83€+€38.8€tons€à0  àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€43.6€tonsДä$œ(#œ(# Ðà  àÐ  öF& ÐB.34à0  àASPHALT€HOT-MIX€PRODUCTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€3.90E-07lb/ton€(1.95E-07€kg/Mg)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€1.82E-04lb/ton€(9.10E-05kg/Mg).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€natural€gas-€or€propane-firedÏdryers,€oil-fired€dryers,€natural€gas-fired€dryer€with€fabric€filter€and€oil-fired€dryer€withÏfabric€filter€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð „Ô  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1993,€4.80E+08tons€of€hot-mix€asphalt€were€produced€in€the€United€States€(NAPA,Ð öF& Ð1993).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ #l, ÐÌ߉€IhgQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°à%x§dÆß°à%x§ ‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌ߉€IjiQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°*x§d ß°*x§ ‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#âÐ *V%6°±°± ÐB.35à0  àCOKE€OVENS:€€CHARGING,€DOOR,€AND€TOPSIDE€LEAKSа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€is€3.72E-03lb/ton€(1.86E-03€kg/Mg)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€is€2.79E-02€lb/ton€(1.39E-02kg/Mg).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€controlled€oven€charging,€ovenÏdoor,€lid€leaks,€and€offtake€leaks€as€reported€in€EPA's€AP-42€document€(U.S.EPA,Ï1995b).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð „Ô  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€3.86E+07tons€of€coal€were€charged€to€coke€ovens€in€the€United€States€(EIA,Ð öF& Ð1990).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ #l, ÐÌߊ€I‘RB>zx p €@Xdd@E°à%x§d‚ß°à%x§Šßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âߊ€I’“RB>zx p €@Xdd@E°¤(x§d4ß°¤(x§Šßâ °±°±°(#°(#âÐ ¤(ô#4°±°± ÐB.36à0  àCOKE€OVENS:€€PUSHING,€QUENCHING,€AND€BATTERY€STACKSа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factors€for€the€7-PAH€group€and€the€16-PAH€group€were€derived€from€dataÐ 8 ˆ Ðreported€in€the€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€Locating€and€EstimatingÏDocument€for€POM€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).€€The€factors€used€in€the€112(c)(6)€analysis€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€uncontrolled€oven€pushing,€ovenÏunderfiring,€and€quenching.€€The€individual€PAH€data€were€obtained€from€various€sourceÏtest€reports€for€these€sources.€€Most€all€of€the€data€dated€back€to€the€1980's€and€lateÏ1970's.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àBecause€of€the€scarcity€of€data€for€these€sources€types,€the€available€factors€wereÐ H˜ Ðcombined€together€and€reported€as€one€factor€applicable€to€the€group€of€sources€as€aÏwhole.€€The€factors€used€to€estimate€emissions€for€pushing,€quenching,€and€battery€stacksÏare:Ð (#(# ÐÌà  àà ` à7-PAH:€3.093E„03€lb/ton€(1.55E„03kg/Mg)€of€coal€chargedÌà  àà ` à16-PAH:€0.053€lb/ton€(0.026€kg/Mg)€of€coal€chargedÌÌà0  àThese€factors€were€multiplied€by€the€national€activity€data€for€1990€to€obtain€nationalÏuncontrolled€emissions.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð ~$Î. ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Diben(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3„cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€Ð (#(# ÐÐ Ê,(: ÐB.36à  àCOKE€OVENS:€€PUSHING,€QUENCHING,€AND€BATTERY€STACKS€(Continued)Ð ° ÐÌà0  àIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenaphthylene,€Anthracene,ÏBenzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ4.à0  àThe€uncontrolled€emission€rate€was€adjusted€for€controls€in€place€by€using€an€overallÐ š ê  Ðcontrol€efficiency€derived€from€available€data.€€The€control€efficiency€figure€was€derivedÏby€averaging€data€from€Trenholm€and€Beck,€1978€and€EPA's€AP-42€document.€€TheÏAP-42€data€were€obtained€from€the€May,€1995€draft€section€on€coke€ovens€which€EPAÏfelt€was€the€most€recent€and€reliable€data€available.€€Control€efficiencies€for€theseÏoperations€were€back€calculated€from€the€uncontrolled€and€controlled€emission€factorsÏreported€in€AP-42.€€Based€on€the€engineering€judgements€of€EPA€specialists€on€cokeÏovens,€a€conservative€control€efficiency€value€was€averaged€from€the€AP-42€data€toÏreflect€the€fact€that€the€entire€category€is€not€well€controlled€for€these€sources.€€TheÏaverage€control€efficiency€value€for€these€source€types€that€was€derived€and€used€for€thisÏanalysis€is€49.5percent€control.Ð (#(# ÐÌ5.à0  àIn€1990,€3.86E+07€tons€of€coal€were€charged€to€coke€ovens€in€the€United€States€(EIA,Ð 2‚" Ð1990).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌà  àA.à ` à7„PAH€National€Emissions€(Uncontrolled)Ð #l, ÐÌà  àà ` à=€0.00309€lb/ton€*€3.86E+07€tons/yrà0  à=€119,274€lbÐà%0!0(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€59.6€tons/yrÐ (#(# ÐÌà  àà ` à7„PAH€National€Emissions€(Controlled)ÌÌà  àà ` à=€59.6€tons/yr€*€(1„0.495)€=€30.1€tons/yrÐ Ê,(: ЇB.36à  àCOKE€OVENS:€€PUSHING,€QUENCHING,€AND€BATTERY€STACKS€(Continued)Ð ° ÐÌà  àB.à ` à16„PAH€National€Emissions€(Uncontrolled)Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àà ` à=€0.053€lb/ton€*€3.86E+07€tons/yrà0  à=€2,045,800€lbsÐ8 ˆ(#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#à=€1,022.9€tons/yrÐ (#(# ÐÌà  àà ` à16„PAH€National€Emissions€(Controlled)ÌÌà  àà ` à=€1,022.9€tons/yr€*€(1„0.495)€=€516.6€tons/yrÌÌÐ  æ6 ÐB.37à0  àPORTLAND€CEMENT€MANUFACTURINGа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factors€used€to€estimate€annual€emissions€for€hazardous€waste€(HW)€kilnsÐ 8 ˆ Ðand€non„hazardous€(NHW)€waste€kilns€were€developed€from€data€presented€in€the€POMÏLocating€and€Estimating€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).€€These€data€include€emissions€ofÏindividual€PAHs€from€HW€and€NHW€kilns.€€The€individual€emissions€were€summed€toÏdevelop€7„PAH€and€16„PAH€emission€factors€and€all€factors€for€HW€kilns€were€averagedÏto€produce€overall€averages€for€HW€kilns.€€The€same€procedure€was€used€for€NHW€kilns.€Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€activity€data€used€to€estimate€annual€emissions€from€NHW€kilns€were€obtained€from€Ð æ6 Ðdata€and€analyses€developed€as€a€part€of€the€MACT€development€programs€for€PortlandÏCement€Kilns€(Heath,€1996a),€(Heath,€1996b).€€These€memorandums€presented€nationalÏbaseline€emission€calculations€for€dioxins/furan€from€HW€and€NHW€kilns.€€A€value€ofÏ63.34million€tons€of€clinker€per€year€was€used€to€calculate€emissions€from€NHW€kilns.€ÏA€value€of€16,500,000tons€of€clinker€per€year€was€used€for€HW€kilns.€€This€value€wasÏderived€from€multiple€information€provided€by€the€industry€(Hawkins,€1997;€CKRC,Ï1996).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòNon„Hazardous€Waste€KilnsóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€8.21E„05€lb/ton€(4.11E„05€kg/Mg)€and€theÐ #l, Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€1.51E„03€lb/ton€(7.55E„04€kg/Mg).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€a€coal„fired€precalciner€dryÏprocess€kiln,€a€coal„fired€wet€process€kiln,€a€coal/coke„fired€wet€process€kiln,€and€aÏcoal/TDF„fired€wet€process€kiln.Ð (#(# ÐÌÐ  h+¸&8 ÐB.37à0  àPORTLAND€CEMENT€MANUFACTURING€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð tÄ ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3„cd)pyrene.€Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16„PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€ÏIndeno(1,2,3„cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenaphthylene,€Anthracene,ÏBenzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àCalculationsÐæ6(#(# ÐÌ7„PAH€annual€emissions€=€8.21E„05lb/ton€*€63.34E+06tons€=€5,200lbs€=€2.60tonsÌ16„PAH€annual€emissions€=€1.51E„03€lb/ton€*€63.34E+06tons€=€95,643lbs€=€47.9tonsÌÌòòHazardous€Waste€KilnsóóÐ Ð   ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€2.52E„04€lb/ton€(1.26E„04€kg/Mg)€and€theÐ ”ä$ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€1.53E„03€lb/ton€(7.65E„04€kg/Mg).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€two€coal/coke/hazardousÏwaste-fired€wet€process€kilns,€a€coal/hazardous€waste-fired€wet€process€kiln,€a€hazardousÏwaste-fired€wet€process€kiln,€a€gas/hazardous€waste-fired€wet€process€kiln,€aÏcoal/coke/hazardous€waste-fired€dry€process€kiln,€and€a€coal/hazardous€waste-fired€dryÏprocess€kiln.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð ¤(ô#4 ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3„cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌÐ  Ê,(: ÐB.37à0  àPORTLAND€CEMENT€MANUFACTURING€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3„cd)pyrene,ÏAcenaphthene,€Acenaphthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,ÏFluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àCalculationsÐ^® (#(# ÐÌ7-PAH€annual€emissions€=€2.52E„04€lb/ton€*16,500,000tons€=€4,158lbs€=€2.08tonsÌ16-PAH€annual€emissions€=€1.53E„03€lb/ton€*€16,500,000tons€=€25,245lbs€=€12.6tonsÌÐ  æ6 ÐB.38à0  àPULP€AND€PAPER--KRAFT€RECOVERY€BOILERSа(#(# ÐÑ€oÑÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àTwo€general€types€of€recovery€boilers€are€used€for€this€process,€direct€contact€evaporatorsÐ 8 ˆ Ð(DCE)€and€non„direct€contact€evaporators€(NDCE).€€POM€emission€factor€data€€wereÏavailable€from€industry€reports€for€both€types€of€units;€however,€activity€data€were€notÏfound€on€a€process„specific€basis.€€Activity€data€were€only€found€as€a€total€for€all€boilers.€Ï7-PAH€and€16-PAH€national€emission€estimates€were€calculated€by€determining€anÏaverage€emission€factor€across€all€boiler€types€and€applying€this€factor€to€total€boilerÏactivity.€€The€emission€factor€data€used€in€the€analysis€and€the€PAH€compoundsÏrepresented€in€the€estimate€are€shown€below€(NCASI,€1993).Ð (#(# ÐÓàú€ÓÔ€{ô öôX{Xß[ÔÌÌÔ*qƒst ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#qÔÔ,vtt ÔÔ,ktd ÔÔ,×td ÔÔ,Etd ÔÔ,{tt ÔÔ+  ÔÐ :€bb^% È €ä€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„‹ ‹:ÐÌÌò òPAH€SpecieÐ ?€bb^*Ð " bb^ „„?ÐÌÌ7„€or€16„PAHÐ ?€bb^*Ì "bb^ „„?ÐÌNDCE/ÌDry€Bottom€ESPòòaóóÐ ?€bb^*Ì#"bb^ „„?ÐNDCE/ÌWet€BottomÌESP/ScrubberòòaóóÐ ?€bbb^*Ì&"bb^ „„?ÐDCE/ÌWet€BottomÏESP/Scrubberòòaóóó óÐ Q€bbB*Ì)" ˆ ä bbb^ €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐBenz(a)anthraceneÐ 0€bb!*z*bb „„0Ð7„PAH,€16„PAHÐ 9€bb**z+"bb „„9Ð1.20E„05Ð 9€bb**z,"bb „„9Ð3.50E„06Ð =€bbb**z-"bb „„=Ð9.60E„05Ð Q€bbB**z." ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐBenz(o)pyreneÐ 0€bb!vÆ/bb „„0Ð7„PAH,€16„PAHÐ 9€bb*vÆ0"bb „„9Ð2.60E„06Ð 9€bb*vÆ1"bb „„9Ð3.50E„06Ð =€bbb*vÆ2"bb „„=Ð5.80E„06Ð Q€bbB*vÆ3" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐBenzo(b)fluorantheneÐ 0€bb!Â4bb „„0Ð7„PAH,€16„PAHÐ 9€bb*Â5"bb „„9Ð6.40E„06Ð 9€bb*Â6"bb „„9Ð3.50E„06Ð =€bbb*Â7"bb „„=Ð2.90E„05Ð Q€bbB*Â8" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐBenzo(k)fluorantheneÐ 0€bb!^9bb „„0Ð7„PAH,€16„PAHÐ 9€bb*^:"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*^;"bb „„9Ð3.50E„06Ð =€bbb*^<"bb „„=Ð8.00E„06Ð Q€bbB*^=" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐChryseneÐ 0€bb!Zª>bb „„0Ð7„PAH,€16„PAHÐ 9€bb*Zª?"bb „„9Ð6.50E„05Ð 9€bb*Zª@"bb „„9Ð3.50E„06Ð =€bbb*ZªA"bb „„=Ð3.90E„05Ð Q€bbB*ZªB" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐDibenz(a,h)anthraceneÐ 0€bb!¦ öCbb „„0Ð7„PAH,€16„PAHÐ 9€bb*¦ öD"bb „„9Ð6.00E„06Ð 9€bb*¦ öE"bb „„9Ð3.50E„06Ð =€bbb*¦ öF"bb „„=Ð6.80E„06Ð Q€bbB*¦ öG" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐIndeno(1,2,3„cd)pyreneÐ 0€bb!ò!BHbb „„0Ð7„PAH,€16„PAHÐ 9€bb*ò!BI"bb „„9Ð6.00E„06Ð 9€bb*ò!BJ"bb „„9Ð3.50E„06Ð =€bbb*ò!BK"bb „„=Ð4.20E„06Ð Q€bbB*ò!BL" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐAcenaphtheneÐ 0€bb!>#ŽMbb „„0Ð16„PAHÐ 9€bb*>#ŽN"bb „„9Ð5.00E„06Ð 9€bb*>#ŽO"bb „„9Ð3.50E„06Ð =€bbb*>#ŽP"bb „„=Ð1.60E„05Ð Q€bbB*>#ŽQ" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐAcenaphthyleneÐ 0€bb!Š$ÚRbb „„0Ð16„PAHÐ 9€bb*Š$ÚS"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*Š$ÚT"bb „„9Ð1.30E„05Ð =€bbb*Š$ÚU"bb „„=Ð2.60E„03Ð Q€bbB*Š$ÚV" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐAnthraceneÐ 0€bb!Ö%&!Wbb „„0Ð16„PAHÐ 9€bb*Ö%&!X"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*Ö%&!Y"bb „„9Ð3.50E„06Ð =€bbb*Ö%&!Z"bb „„=Ð4.00E„04Ð Q€bbB*Ö%&![" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐBenzo(ghi)peryleneÐ 0€bb!"'r"\bb „„0Ð16„PAHÐ 9€bb*"'r"]"bb „„9Ð7.90E„06Ð 9€bb*"'r"^"bb „„9Ð3.50E„06Ð =€bbb*"'r"_"bb „„=Ð1.20E„05Ð Q€bbB*"'r"`" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐFluorantheneÐ 0€bb!n(¾#abb „„0Ð16„PAHÐ 9€bb*n(¾#b"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*n(¾#c"bb „„9Ð1.90E„05Ð =€bbb*n(¾#d"bb „„=Ð6.90E„04Ð Q€bbB*n(¾#e" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐFluoreneÐ 0€bb!º) %fbb „„0Ð16„PAHÐ 9€bb*º) %g"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*º) %h"bb „„9Ð3.50E„06Ð =€bbb*º) %i"bb „„=Ð2.10E„04Ð Q€bbB*º) %j" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐNaphthaleneÐ 0€bb!+V&kbb „„0Ð16„PAHÐ 9€bb*+V&l"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*+V&m"bb „„9Ð6.40E„04Ð =€bbb*+V&n"bb „„=Ð3.20E„02Ð Q€bbB*+V&o" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐPhenanthreneÐ 0€bb!R,¢'pbb „„0Ð16„PAHÐ 9€bb*R,¢'q"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*R,¢'r"bb „„9Ð9.50E„06Ð =€bbb*R,¢'s"bb „„=Ð5.60E„03â âÐ Q€bbB*R,¢'t" ˆ L bbb €›€‚ˆ‚ƒKƒ„„QÐÑo:ÑÖ€pÿÿÖÑ  ÑÓàúÓPyreneÐ 0€bb!êˆbb „„0Ðâ â16„PAHÐ ;€bbu*êˆ"bb „„;Ð1.00E„04Ð ;€bbu*êˆ"bbu „„;Ð1.10E„05Ð =€bbub*êˆ"bbu „„=Ð3.30E„04Ð Q€bbB*êˆ" ˆK › bbub €P€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐÐ 0€bb!bb „„0ÐÐ 9€bb*"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*"bb „„9ÐÐ =€bbb* "bb „„=ÐÐ Q€bbB* " ˆ P bbb €P€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐSUM€of€7„PAH€EFòòbóóÐ 0€bb!Í k bb „„0ÐÐ 9€bb*Í k "bb „„9Ð8.80E„05Ð 9€bb*Í k "bb „„9Ð2.45E„05Ð =€bbb*Í k"bb „„=Ð1.89E„04Ð S€bbuB*Í k" ˆ P bbb €›€‚ˆ‚ƒKƒ„„SÐSUM€of€16„PAH€EFòòcóóÐ 2€bbu! ·bbu „„2ÐÐ ;€bbu* ·"bbu „„;Ð2.01E„04Ð ;€bbu* ·"bbu „„;Ð8.17E„04Ð =€bbub* ·"bbu „„=Ð4.20E„02Ð Q€bbB* ·" ˆK › bbub €P€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐÐ 0€bb!° Nbb „„0ÐÐ 9€bb*° N"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*° N"bb „„9ÐÐ =€bbb*° N"bb „„=ÐÐ S€bbuB*° N" ˆ P bbb €›€‚ˆ‚ƒKƒ„„SÐNCDE€Average€EFÐ 2€bbu!ü šbbu „„2ÐÐ 9€bb*ü š"bbu „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*ü š"bb „„9ÐÐ =€bbb*ü š"bb „„=ÐÐ Q€bbB*ü š" ˆK › bbb €P€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐ7„PAH€EFÐ 0€bb!“1 bb „„0Ð5.63E„05Ð 9€bb*“1 "bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*“1 !"bb „„9ÐÐ =€bbb*“1 ""bb „„=ÐÐ Q€bbB*“1 #" ˆ P bbb €P€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐ16„PAH€EFÐ 0€bb!ß} $bb „„0Ð5.09E„04Ð 9€bb*ß} %"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*ß} &"bb „„9ÐÐ =€bbb*ß} '"bb „„=ÐÐ Q€bbB*ß} (" ˆ P bbb €P€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐÐ 0€bb!+É )bb „„0ÐÐ 9€bb*+É *"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*+É +"bb „„9ÐÐ =€bbb*+É ,"bb „„=ÐÐ S€bbuB*+É -" ˆ P bbb €—€‚ˆ‚ƒKƒ„„SÐDCE€EFÐ 2€bbu!w .bbu „„2ÐÐ 9€bb*w /"bbu „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*w 0"bb „„9ÐÐ =€bbb*w 1"bb „„=ÐÐ Q€bbB*w 2" ˆK — bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐ7„PAH€EFÐ 0€bb!¬3bb „„0Ð1.89E„04Ð 9€bb*¬4"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*¬5"bb „„9ÐÐ =€bbb*¬6"bb „„=ÐÐ Q€bbB*¬7" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐ16„PAH€EFÐ 0€bb!Zø8bb „„0Ð4.20E„02Ð 9€bb*Zø9"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*Zø:"bb „„9ÐÐ =€bbb*Zø;"bb „„=ÐÐ Q€bbB*Zø<" ˆ L bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐÐ 0€bb!¦D=bb „„0ÐÐ 9€bb*¦D>"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*¦D?"bb „„9ÐÐ =€bbb*¦D@"bb „„=ÐÐ S€bbuB*¦DA" ˆ L bbb €—€‚ˆ‚ƒKƒ„„SÐOverall€Average€EFòòdóóÐ 2€bbu!òBbbu „„2ÐÐ 9€bb*òC"bbu „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*òD"bb „„9ÐÐ =€bbb*òE"bb „„=ÐÐ Q€bbB*òF" ˆK — bbb €L€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„QÐ7„PAH€EFÐ 0€bb!‰'Gbb „„0Ð1.23E„04Ð 9€bb*‰'H"bb „„9ÐÐ 9€bb*‰'I"bb „„9ÐÐ =€bbb*‰'J"bb „„=ÐÐ S€bbbB*‰'K" ˆ L bbb €\€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„SÐ16„PAH€EFÐ ;€bbb*ÕsLbbb „„;Ð2.13E„02Ð ;€bbb*ÕsM"bbb „„;ÐÐ ;€bbb*ÕsN"bbb „„;ÐÐ =€bbbb*ÕsO"bbb „„=ÐÓ™ÙÓÐ:0.ÕsP" ˆ \  bbbb :ÐòòÓÂõ™ÙÓÌÓH"° ØXî°‡XD…,¶xX°ØXˆXD…,¶xXHÓaóó€€All€emission€factor€data€are€in€units€of€lb€emissions/ton€air€dried€pulp.Ð ¶Q Ðòòbóó€€This€row€represents€the€sum€of€7„PAH€emission€factors.Ð ÔrR Ðòòcóó€€This€row€represents€the€sum€of€16„PAH€emission€factors.Ð .S Ðòòdóó€€Overall€average€of€the€NDCE€and€DCE€average€emission€factors.Ð LêT ÐNDCE€=€Non„direct€Contact€EvaporatorÌDCE€=€Direct€Contact€EvaporatorÓ€ÂõÓÌÌÔ€{Xß[Xô{ô öÔ2.à0  àThe€individual€emission€factor€data€for€7„€and€16-PAH€were€totaled€to€produce€a€sum€ofÐ #®Z Ð7-PAH€and€a€sum€of€16-PAH€emission€factor.€€The€two€sets€NCDE€factors€were€thenÏaveraged€together€to€produce€an€average€factor€for€NCDE€units.€€The€NCDE€averageÏfactor€was€then€averaged€together€with€the€DCE€factor€to€produce€the€overall€factor€usedÏto€calculate€a€national€emissions€estimate.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àThe€overall€average€emission€factors€were€applied€to€an€annual€activity€level€for€recoveryÐ \+ú$f Ðboilers€of€6.10E+07€tons€of€air„dried€pulp€in€the€United€States€(U.S.EPA,€1993b).о,\&h(#(# ЇòòÔ& & ÔCalculationóóÐ b ÐÌ7Ô'&b¤|Ô-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€1.23E-04lb/ton€pulp€*€6.10E+07tons€pulp€=€Ìà  àà ` à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€7,474€pounds€=€3.74€tons/yrÔÜÜÜ*ÿ*ÿÔÐ ˆ & ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€2.13E„02lb/ton€pulp€*€6.10E+07tons€pulp€=€Ìà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à  à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€1,297,943€pounds€=€649€tons/yrÐ ®L  ÐÐ  ®  ÐÖ€pêÖB.39à0  àPULP€AND€PAPER--LIME€KILNSа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€7-PAH€was€3.30E-06lb/MMBtu€(1.42E-06g/MJ)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€2.46E-03lb/MMBtu€(1.06E-03g/MJ).€€These€factors€wasÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€two€natural€gas-fired€lime€kilns.€ÏBoth€kilns€were€controlled€with€scrubbers€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.ÏEPA,€1997).€€It€was€assumed€that€there€are€550CaO€per€ton€pulp,€8MMBtu€per€ton€limeÏproduct,€and€90percent€lime€availability,€i.e.,€0.9ton€CaO€per€ton€lime€product.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,Ð æ6 ÐBenzo(k)fluoranthene,€and€Chrysene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(b)fluoranthene,ÏBenzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Anthracene,€Fluoranthene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,Ïand€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€the€energy€consumed€in€pulp€and€paper€lime€kilns€in€the€UnitedStates€wasÐ ”ä$ Ð1.49E+08MMBtu€(U.S.EPA,1993b).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ º! * ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€3.30E-06lb/MMBtu€*€1.49E+08MMBtu€à0 ô à=€492lbÐ~$Î.ô(#ô(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#à=€0.246tonsÐ ô(#ô(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€2.46E-03lb/MMBtu€*€1.49E+08MMBtuà0 ô à=€3.67E+05lbФ(ô#4ô(#ô(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#à=€183tonsÐ ô(#ô(# ÐÐ  h+¸&8 ÐB.40à0  àSULFITE€RECOVERY€FURNACESа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð7-PAH's€were€reported€in€the€available€test€data.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€4.30E-03lb/ADTP€(2.15E-03kg/Mg).€€This€factor€wasÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€ammonia-based€sulfite€recoveryÏfurnace€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Naphthalene.Ðæ6(#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1993,€2.87E+06tons€of€pulp€were€produced€in€the€UnitedStates€(U.S.EPA,1993b).Ъú(#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ n¾ ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€4.30E-03lb/ADTP€*€2.87E+06tonsà0 È à=€1.23E+04lbÐ2‚"È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#à=€6.17tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÐ  öF& ÐB.41à0  àWILDFIRES€AND€PRESCRIBED€BURNINGа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€0.020€lb/ton€(0.010€kg/Mg)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€0.053lb/ton€(0.027kg/Mg).€€These€factors€were€developedÏfrom€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€wildfire€and€prescribed€burning€of€pineÏneedles,€agricultural€fields€temperate€and€bared€forest€and€sugar€cane€as€they€are€reportedÏin€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð „Ô  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€and€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,ÏAnthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€9.50E+07€tons€of€biomass€were€burned€in€the€United€States€(Peterson€and€Ward,Ð 2‚" Ð1993;€U.S.€Forest€Service,€1993).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationsóóÐ X ¨( ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€0.020lb/ton€*€9.50E+07€tonsà0 p à=€1.93E+06€lbsÐ#l,p(#p(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#à=€964€tonsÐ p(#p(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€0.053lb/ton€*€9.50E+07€tonsà0 p à=€5.07E+06€lbsÐB'’"2p(#p(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#à=€2,540€tonsÐ p(#p(# ÐÐ  *V%6 ÐB.42à0  àOPEN€BURNING€OF€SCRAP€TIRESа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€was€1,400lb/1,000€tons€of€tire€(0.70kg/Mg)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€7,850lb/1,000tons€of€tire€(3.93kg/Mg).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€from€simulation€of€open€burning€ofÏchunk€and€shredded€scrap€tires€as€they€are€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.ÏEPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð „Ô  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,€andÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Dibenz(a,h)anthracene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Acenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,ÏFluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€Phenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àApproximately€7.5million€tires€burn€each€year€in€landfills€and€illegal€dumps€in€theÐ öF& ÐUnited€States.€€This€estimate€is€the€average€of€the€range€of€5€to€10million€tires,€whichÏwere€estimated€to€have€burned€in€landfills€and€illegal€dumps€based€on€input€from€theÏCenter€for€Fire€Safety€Studies€at€the€Worcester€Polytechnic€Institute€(Barnett,€1997).€ÏAssuming€the€average€weight€of€a€tire€to€be€20pounds,€the€following€activity€level€forÏscrap€tire€burning€can€be€computed.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#à7,500,000€tires€x€20€lbs/tire€=€1.5E+08€lbsÐ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à1.5E+08€lbs€x€1€ton/2,000€lbs€=€75,000€tons€of€tiresÐ *V%6` (#` (# ÐB.42à0  àOPEN€BURNING€OF€SCRAP€TIRES€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€1,400€lb/1,000€tons€*€75,000tonsà0 œ àà0Èœ(#œ(#à=€1.05E+05lbsÐ8 ˆÈ(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#à=€52.5tonsÐ È(#È(# Ð16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€7,850€lb/1,000€tons€*€75,000tonsà0 È à=€5.89E+05lbsÐü L È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#à=€294tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÐ  À  ÐB.43à0  àMOBILE€SOURCES--ONROAD€VEHICLESа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factors€for€7-PAH€and€the€16-PAH€emission€factors€are€provided€inÐ 8 ˆ ÐTableA„22a€(of€AppendixA).€€These€factors€were€developed€from€the€individual€PAHÏemission€factors€for€specific€vehicle€types.€€Fleet„wide€emission€factors€were€developedÏtaking€into€consideration€areas€with€and€without€inspection€and€maintenance€programs.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,€andÐ "r  ÐIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,ÏIndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene,€Anthracene,€Benzo(ghi)perylene,€Fluoranthene,€Phenanthrene,Ïand€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€2,147billion€vehicle€miles€were€traveled€in€the€UnitedStates€(U.S.DepartmentÐ Ð   Ðof€Transportation,€1990).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ öF& ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€14.52ð%ðg/mile€*€2,147billion€milesà0 œ à=€31.16Mgк! *œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€34.35tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emission€=€32.085ð%ðg/mile€*€2,147billion€milesà0 È à=€68.88MgÐà%0!0È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#à=€75.93tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÐ  ¤(ô#4 ÐÑ€}ÙÑB.44à0  àMOBILE€SOURCES--AIRCRAFTа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataÐ tÄ ÐóóÌà  àThe€procedures€used€for€all€emission€estimation€calculations€for€aircraft€were€specified€byÏEPA's€Office€of€Mobile€Sources€(OMS).ÌÌòòà0  àCommercial€AircraftóóÐ^® (#(# ÐÌà0  àFor€Commercial€Aircraft,€landing€and€take-off€(LTO)€data€from€Table€7€of€AirportÏActivity€Statistics€of€Certified€Route€Air€Carriers€(U.S.€DOT,€1994a)€were€applied€toÏVersion2.1€of€the€FAA€Aircraft€Engine€Emission€Database€to€estimate€total€hydrocarbonÏemissions€(see€Table€below).Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àNote€that€the€FAA€Aircraft€Engine€Emission€Database€did€not€have€all€aircraft€modelsÏand€in€some€cases€models€were€included€in€the€database€but€no€engine€information€wasÏassociated€with€a€given€model.€Such€that€for€the€87aircraft€models€that€were€used€in€theÏcommercial€aircraft€fleet€in€1990,€emission€estimates€could€be€calculated€for€onlyÏ40aircraft€models.€€Relative€to€LTO€cycles,€emissions€for€76.13percent€of€LTOs€couldÏbe€calculated.€€To€compensate€for€the€missing€engine€data,€the€hydrocarbon€(HC)€estimateÏprovided€in€the€spreadsheet€below€was€adjusted€by€using€a€ratio€of€total€nationalÏ1990LTOs€noted€in€FAAððs€Airport€Activity€Statistics€of€Certified€Route€Air€CarriersÏ(U.S.€DOT,€1994a)€and€the€actual€total€used€in€the€FAA€Aircraft€engine€EmissionÏdatabase.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à26,856€tons€of€HC€x€(6,641,681€Total€1990€LTOs/5,056,281€LTOs€used€in€FAAÏdatabase)€=€35,277€tons€of€HCÐ ¤(ô#4(#(# ÐÑTRPØ'3 Letter Landscape3Ø' Ø'3 Letter Landscapeÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€C CX XdêCXXdê7ÑÖ€ ÖB.44à0  àMOBILE€SOURCES„„AIRCRAFTÐbà.à. 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ffffffæ?0.70„„‰ffffffæ?‰}Ð0.70Ð €bbnA˧T" ffffffæ?0.70 ffffffæ?bb š™™™™™@2.20„„‰š™™™™™@‰Ð2.20Ð €bbnA˧U" š™™™™™@2.20 š™™™™™@bb @4.00„„‰@‰Ð4.00Ð €bbpA˧V" @4.00 @bb è­A144829„„‰è­A‰Ð144,829Ð †€bbbsC˧W3 è­A144829 è­Abb hÇ9A1689448„„‰hÇ9A‰†Ð1,689,448Ð x€bbgO˧X3 hÇ9A1689448 ( Í hÇ9Abbb €Í€‚(‚ƒ ƒ„„xÐò òÔ#†ŸXSX Ÿôg?H#ÔÔ‡Ÿôg XŸXSÔÔ#†{I_  ŸôgH#ÔÔ‡Ÿôg  {I_ÔTotalÐ ;€b*”pY3bb „„;Ðó óÔ#†ŸXSX ŸôgÂl#ÔÔ‡Ÿôg XŸXSÔÔ#†{I_  Ÿôgm#ÔÔ‡Ÿôg  {I_ÔÐ ;€b*”pZ3b „„;ÐÐ ;€b*”p[3b „„;ÐÐ ;€b*”p\"b „„;ÐÐ ;€b*”p]3b „„;ÐÐ ;€b*”p^"b „„;ÐÐ ;€b*”p_"b „„;ÐÐ ;€b*”p`"b „„;ÐÐ `€bbO”pa"b @ÆISA5056281„„‰@ÆISA‰`ÐÔ#†ŸXSX Ÿôg‰m#ÔÔ‡Ÿôg XŸXSÔÔ#†{I_  ŸôgËm#ÔÔ‡Ÿôg  {I_Ô5,056,281Ð ˆ€bbbuD”pb3 @ÆISA5056281 @ÆISAbb ¨œœ‰A53711765„„‰¨œœ‰A‰ˆÐ53,711,765Ð y€bbhP”pc3 ¨œœ‰A53711765 ( Í ¨œœ‰Abbb €Í€‚(‚ƒ ƒ„„yÐò òÔ#†ŸXSX Ÿôg p#ÔÔ‡Ÿôg XŸXSÔÔ#†{I_  ŸôgLp#ÔÔ‡Ÿôg  {I_ԀР;€b*eAd3bb „„;ÐÐ ;€b*eAe3b „„;ÐÐ ;€b*eAf3b „„;ÐÐ ;€b*eAg"b „„;ÐÐ ;€b*eAh3b „„;ÐÐ ;€b*eAi"b „„;ÐÐ ;€b*eAj"b „„;ÐConversion€toÏTonsÐ ;€b*ál"b „„;ÐÐ ;€b*eAm"b „„;Ðó óÔ#†ŸXSX Ÿôg¥q#ÔÔ‡Ÿôg XŸXSÔÔ#†{I_  Ÿôgçq#ÔÔ‡Ÿôg  {I_ԀР`€bbbMeAnb :Ú@26856„„‰:Ú@‰`Ðò òÔ#†ŸXSX ŸôgRt#ÔÔ‡Ÿôg XŸXSÔÔ#†{I_  Ÿôg”t#ÔÔ‡Ÿôg  {I_Ô26,856ó óÔ#†ŸXSX Ÿôg:u#ÔÔ#†{Xß[XXŸXS|u#ÔÔ‡ŸXSXX{Xß[ÔÐ]SQeAo3 :Ú@26856 ( Í + :Ú@bbb ]ÐÔ#†{Xß[XXŸXSêu#ÔÔ‡™XÌ XX{Xß[ÔÌÌÌÌÐ  ^: s ÐÖ€ êÖÑTRY3Ø' LetterPØ'3 Letter Landscape3Ø' Letter Ø'3 Letter LandscapeDDTÑÑ7€C CX XdêCX Xdê7ÑÌÓ€Óà0  àA€correction€factor€from€Procedures€for€Emission€Inventory€Preparation€VolumeIV:ÏMobile€Sources€(U.S.€EPA,€1992b),€was€applied€to€the€commercial€aircraft€hydrocarbonÏemission€estimate€to€obtain€a€VOC€estimate:Ð (#(# ÐÌà  à35,277€tons€of€HC€x€1.0947€VOC/HC€=€38,618€tons€of€VOCÌÌà0  àThe€VOC€estimate€was€speciated€for€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€using€speciation€profiles€from€aÏmemo€from€Rich€Cook€U.S.€EPA/OMS€to€Anne€Pope€EPA/OAQPS€(Cook,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌà  à38,618€tons€of€VOC€x€1.049€x€10òò„6óó€7„PAH/VOC=€0.04€tons€7-PAHÐ À^  Ðà  à38,618€tons€of€VOC€x€1.166€x€10òò„4óó€16„PAH/VOC=€4.50€tons€16-PAHÐ "À ÐÌà0  àòòAir€TaxisóóÐæ„(#(# ÐÌà0  àFor€air€taxis,€1990€activity€data€were€taken€from€the€FAA€Air€Traffic€Activity€„€FiscalÏYear€1993€(U.S.€DOT,€1994b).€€In€this€reference,€each€FAA€activity€(i.e.€a€landing€orÏtake„off)€is€counted.€€This€means€that€for€every€LTO€there€are€two€FAA€activities.€€TheseÏ1990€data€were€converted€to€LTOs€by€dividing€the€FAA€activity€data€by€two.Ð (#(# ÐÌà  à8,837,671€FAA€activity/2€=€4,418,836€LTOsÌÌà0  àThese€LTO€data€were€applied€to€generic€air€taxi€HC€emission€factors€found€in€ProceduresÏfor€Emission€Inventory€Preparation€VolumeIV:€Mobile€Sources€(U.S.€EPA,€1992b)€toÏestimate€HC€emissions:Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à4,418,836€LTOs€x€1.234€pounds€HC/LTO€x€1€ton/2,000€pounds€=€2,726.42€tons€of€HCÐ (#(# ÐÔ#†{Xß[XX™XÌ ‰v#ÔÔ‡™XÌ XX{Xß[ÔÐ  B+à$5 ÐÌà0  àA€correction€factor€from€Procedures€for€Emission€Inventory€Preparation€VolumeIV:ÏMobile€Sources€(U.S.€EPA,€1992b),€was€applied€to€the€air€taxi€HC€emission€estimate€toÏobtain€a€VOC€estimate:Ô#†{Xß[XX™XÌ –~#ÔÔ‡™XÌ XX{Xß[ÔЈ &(#(# ÐÌà  à2,726.42€tons€of€HC€x€0.9914€VOC/HC€=€2,702.97€tons€of€VOCÔ#†{Xß[XX™XÌ ¸#ÔÔ‡™XÌ XX{Xß[ÔÐ L ê  ÐÌà0  àThe€VOC€estimate€was€speciated€for€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€using€speciation€profiles€from€aÏmemo€from€Rich€Cook€U.S.€EPA/OMS€€to€Anne€Pope€EPA/OAQPS€(Cook,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌà  à2,702.97€tons€of€VOC€x€7.234€x€10òò„6óó€7„PAH/VOC=€0.02€tons€7„PAHÐ 6Ô  Ðà  à2,702.97€tons€of€VOC€x€6.829€x€10òò„5óó€16„PAH/VOC=€0.18€tons€16„PAHÐ ˜6 ÐÌà0  àòòGeneral€AviationóóÐ\ú(#(# ÐÌà0  àFor€General€Aviation,€€1990€activity€data€were€taken€from€the€FAA€Air€Traffic€Activity€„ÏFiscal€Year1993€(U.S.€DOT,€1994b).€€This€data€were€converted€to€LTOs€by€dividing€theÏFAA€activity€data€by€two.Ð (#(# ÐÌà  à39,169,795€FAA€activity/2€=€19,584,898€LTOsÌÌà0  àThe€LTOs€data€were€applied€to€a€generic€general€aviation€HC€emission€factors€found€inÏProcedures€for€Emission€Inventory€Preparation€VolumeIV:€Mobile€Sources€to€estimateÏHC€emissions:Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à19,584,898€LTOs€x€0.394€pounds€HC/LTO€x€1€ton/2,000€pounds€=€3,858.22€tons€of€HCÐ (#(# ÐÌÌÐ -¸&8 ЇÌà0  àA€correction€factor€from€Procedures€for€Emission€Inventory€Preparation€VolumeIV:ÏMobile€Sources,€were€applied€to€the€air€taxi€hydrocarbon€emission€estimate€to€obtain€aÏVOC€estimate:Ð (#(# ÐÌà  à3,858.22€tons€of€HC€x€0.9708€VOC/HC€=€3,745.56€tons€of€VOCÌÌà0  àThe€VOC€estimate€was€speciated€for€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€using€speciation€profiles€from€aÏmemo€from€Rich€Cook€U.S.€EPA/OMS€€to€Anne€Pope€EPA/OAQPS€(Cook,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌà  à3,745.56€tons€of€VOC€x€9.062€x€10òò„6óó€7„PAH/VOC=€0.03€tons€7„PAHÐ 6Ô  Ðà  à3,745.56€tons€of€VOC€x€2.954€x€10òò„5óó€16„PAH/VOC=€0.11€tons€16„PAHà x àÐ ˜6 ÐÌà0  àòòMilitary€AircraftóóÐ\ú(#(# ÐÌà0  àEstimates€for€military€aircraft€were€not€possible€due€to€the€lack€of€information€concerningÏthe€make€up€of€the€military€aircraft€fleet€or€alternatively€a€generic€HC€emission€factor.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àòòTotal€Aircraft€Emissions€(tons/year)óóÐFä$(#(# ÐÌÔ*ÿƒšb›d ,<Õdà¿ÓP¥÷î°¢Ñ" ¡°(#°(#ÿÔÔ,‘dd"ÔÔ,ëdd"ÔÔ, dd"ÔÔ,edd"ÔÔ,‘dd"ÔÔ+  ÔÐ *€aa˜  "¨( „„*ÐÓ€ÓÌPollutantÐ ?€a˜*Z#ø*aa˜ „„?ÐCommercialÏAircraftÐ ?€a˜*Z#ø,"a˜ „„?ÐÌAir€TaxisÐ ?€a˜*Z#ø."a˜ „„?ÐGeneralÏAviationÐ ?€aa˜*Z#ø0"a˜ „„?ÐÌTotalÐ 9€a*Z#ø2"aa˜ „„9Ð7„PAHÐ VLÚ$x3a {®Gáz¤?0.04„„‰{®Gáz¤?‰VÐ0.04Ð ka4Ú$x4" {®Gáz¤?0.04 {®Gáz¤? {®Gáz”?0.02„„‰{®Gáz”?‰kÐ0.02Ð ka4Ú$x5" {®Gáz”?0.02 {®Gáz”? ¸…ëQ¸ž?0.03„„‰¸…ëQ¸ž?‰kÐ0.03Ð t€aa4Ú$x6" ¸…ëQ¸ž?0.03 ¸…ëQ¸ž?  ×£p= ·?0.09„„‰ ×£p= ·?‰tÐ0.09Ð ]€aaLAÚ$x7"  ×£p= ·?0.09  ×£p= ·?a „„]Ð16„€PAHÐ ]€aLZ&ø8aa @4.50„„‰@‰]Ð4.50Ð €anAZ&ø9" @4.50 @a  ×£p= Ç?0.18„„‰ ×£p= Ç?‰Ð0.18Ð €anAZ&ø:"  ×£p= Ç?0.18  ×£p= Ç?a )\Âõ(¼?0.11„„‰)\Âõ(¼?‰Ð0.11Ð €aanAZ&ø;" )\Âõ(¼?0.11 )\Âõ(¼?a )\Âõ(@4.79„„‰)\Âõ(@‰Ð4.79ÐQGEZ&ø<" )\Âõ(@4.79  )\Âõ(@aa QÐÌÌÌÔ#†{Xß[XX™XÌ `€#ÔÐ  :*Ø#? ÐÖ€zêÖÓ€ÓB.45à0  àCARBON€BLACK€MANUFACTURINGа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€5.25E-04lb/ton€(2.63E-04kg/Mg)€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ð16-PAH€emission€factor€was€5.04E-03lb/ton€(2.52E-03kg/Mg).€€These€factors€wereÏdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€oil€furnace€carbon€blackÏmanufacturing€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factors€include:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,Ð "r  ÐBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€and€Chrysene.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factors€include:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,ÏBenzo(b)fluoranthene,€Benzo(k)fluoranthene,€Chrysene,€Acenapthylene,€Fluoranthene,ÏPhenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1993,€the€industry€had€a€capacity€to€produce€1.72E+06tons€of€carbon€black€in€theÐ Ð   ÐUnited€States€(SRI€International,€1993).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationsóóÐ öF& ÐÌ߉€IwvQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°º!x§dÆß°º!x§‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌ߉€IyxQA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°à%x§dÆß°à%x§‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#âÐ à%0!0°±°± ÐB.46à0  àWOOD€TREATMENT/WOOD€PRESERVING€WITH€CREOSOTEа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAH€wereÐ 8 ˆ Ðreported€in€the€available€test€data.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€1.94E-03lb/ftòò3óó€(0.0311kg/mòò3óó).€€This€factor€wasÐ ^®  Ðdeveloped€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€from€creosote€wood€treatmentÏprocess€and€diluent€wood€treated€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,Ï1997).€€(Does€not€include€fugitives€from€treated€wood€storage.)Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Acenaphthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,€andÐ H˜ ÐPhenanthrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1990,€93.2E+06ftòò3óó€of€wood€were€treated€with€creosote€in€the€United€States€(Bartlow,Ð n¾ Ð1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationsóóÐ ”ä$ ÐÌߊ€IklRB>zx p €@Xdd@E°X xÉdø°X xÉŠßâ °±°±°(#°(#âÐ X ¨(°±°± ÐB.47à0  àCIGARETTE€SMOKEа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€2.08E-09€lb/cigaretteÐ 8 ˆ Ð(9.43E-10kg/cigarette)€and€the€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€1.38E-08€lb/cigaretteÏ(6.26E-09kg/cigarette).€€These€factors€were€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emissionÏfactors€from€cigarette€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene€and€ChryseneÐ"r (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Chrysene,€Anthracene,ÏFluoranthene,€Phenanthrene€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1992,€5.00E+11€cigarettes€were€consumed€in€the€United€States€(USDA,€1993).Ð \(#(# ÐÌòòCalculationÐ Ð   ÐÌóó7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€2.08E-09€lb/cigarette€*€5.00E+11€cigarettes€à0  à=€1,040€lbsДä$ (# (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#àà0 ô(#ô(#à=€0.520€tonsÐ  (# (# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€1.38E-08€lb/cigarette€*€5.00E+11€cigarettesà0  à=€6,900€lbsк! * (# (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#àà0ôÈ(#È(#àà0 ô(#ô(#à=€3.45€tonsÐ  (# (# ÐÐ  ~$Î. ÐB.48à0  àCREMATORIESа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThe€emission€factor€for€the€7-PAH€group€was€7.07E-11€lb/body€(3.21E-11kg/body)€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€4.16E-08lb/body€(1.89E-08kg/body).€€These€factorsÏwere€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€from€crematory€stacks€asÏreported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€7-PAH€Emissions€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene€andÐ "r  ÐChrysene.Ð (#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Benz(a)anthracene,€Benzo(a)pyrene,€Chrysene,ÏAcenaphthene,€Acenapthylene,€Anthracene,€Fluoranthene,€Fluorene,€Naphthalene,ÏPhenanthrene,€and€Pyrene.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1992,€4.00E+05€cremations€were€performed€in€the€United€States€(CremationÐ Ð   ÐAssociation€of€North€America,€1992).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ öF& ÐÌ7-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€7.07E-11€lb/body€*€4.00E+05€bodies€à0 È à=€2.83E-05€lbsк! *È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#à=€1.42E-08€tonsÐ È(#È(# ÐÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€4.16E-08€lb/body€*€4.00E+05€bodiesà0 È à=€0.0166€lbsÐà%0!0È(#È(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#àà0Èœ(#œ(#à=€8.33E-06€tonsÐ B'’"2È(#È(# ÐB.49à0  àGASOLINE€DISTRIBUTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€category€because€none€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€7-PAH€were€reported€in€the€available€test€data.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emissions€for€this€source€category€only€include€naphthalene.€€A€singleÏ16-PAH€emission€factor€could€not€be€developed€for€this€source€category€because€theÏnature€of€a€significant€amount€of€the€national€emissions€do€not€lend€themselves€toÏestablishing€emission€factors€of€the€type€developed€for€other€POM€categories.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àInstead€of€developing€an€overall€emission€factor,€national€emissions€were€calculated€asÐ H˜ Ðfollows.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àTo€develop€the€Gasoline€Distribution€(StageI)€NESHAP€(U.S.€EPA,€1994b;€U.S.€EPA,Ï1994c),€national€annual€VOC€and€HAP€emissions€from€the€source€category€wereÏestimated€for€the€base€year€1998;€emission€estimates€for€1990€were€not€provided.€€For€theÏpurposes€of€this€report,€1990€emissions€were€estimated€by€scaling€down€the€1998Ïemissions€estimates€in€the€NESHAP€using€the€ratio€of€the€projected€1998€gasolineÏconsumption€(117.9billion€gallons)€to€the€Department€of€Energy's€record€of€1990Ïgasoline€consumption€(110.5billion€gallons).€€This€approach€reduces€the€1998€base€yearÏemissions€by€6.28percent.€€Adjustments€made€in€the€NESHAP€for€the€level€of€controlÏprojected€in€1998€and€anticipated€future€uses€of€alternative€fuels€could€not€be€taken€intoÏconsideration€when€1998€emissions€were€adjusted€to€1990€in€this€survey,€so€the€emissionsÏestimates€made€here€may€slightly€underestimate€the€actual€1990€emissions.Ð B'’"2(#(# ÐB.49à0  àGASOLINE€DISTRIBUTION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌà0  àAs€stated€previously,€national€annual€VOC€and€HAP€emissions€were€estimated€forÏdifferent€processes€throughout€the€StageI€gasoline€distribution€network€taking€intoÏaccount€the€projected€control€programs€in€each€State€(LaFlam€and€Johnson,€1996).€ÏAccording€to€the€documentation€for€the€Gasoline€Distribution€NESHAP,€naphthalene€isÏ0.80percent€of€total€HAP€emissions.€€Taking€this€into€consideration,€national€annualÏnaphthalene€StageI€emissions€are€376tons€for€1998.€€This€estimate€was€adjusted€toÏreflect€emissions€in€1990,€yielding€a€national€annual€naphthalene€estimate€of€352tons.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àThe€estimating€method€for€emissions€from€StageII€gasoline€distribution€sources€wasÐ „Ô  Ðtaken€from€the€approach€for€vehicle€refueling€outlined€in€the€EPA's€TechnicalÏGuidance-StageII€document€(U.S.EPA,€1991a).€€A€VOC€emission€factor€was€obtainedÏfrom€MOBILE4.1,€EPA's€mobile€source€emission€factor€computer€model.€€The€VOCÏemission€factors€relative€to€monthly€temperatures€nationwide€were€applied€to€gasolineÏthroughput€to€estimate€emissions.€€Naphthalene€emissions€were€estimated€using€theÏspeciation€value€of€0.05percent€naphthalene€in€total€VOC€provided€in€the€documentationÏfor€the€Gasoline€Distribution€NESHAP€(LaFlam€and€Johnson,€1996;€U.S.€EPA,€1994c).Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€above€emissions€estimate€approach€is€conservative€because€it€was€assumed€that€allÏfuel€throughput€is€via€conventional€refueling€methods€and€it€does€not€take€intoÏconsideration€any€StageII€emission€controls.€€However,€the€emission€factors€used€in€theÏStageII€document€do€not€include€spillage€losses.Ð (#(# ÐÌÐ  à%0!0 ÐB.49à0  àGASOLINE€DISTRIBUTION€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ tÄ ÐÌÓ€ÓStage€I€emissions:ÌÌÌNational€emissions€estimate€for€StageIà0 À à=à0À(#À(#à1998€naphthalene€emissions€estimateÐ ü L  Ð(tons/yr)€from€NESHAPx€(100-€percentÏreduction€fuel€consumption,€1998€to€1990)Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à=à0À(#À(#à342Mg€x€1.102tons/Mg€x€(100-€6.28)Ð ¬ü  ÐpercentÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à=à0À(#À(#à353tons/yrÐpÀ(#(# ÐÌStage€II€emissions:ÌÌNational€emissions€estimate€for€StageIIà0 À à=à0À(#À(#àVOC€emission€factor€(lb/gal)x€gasolineÐ  p Ðthroughput€(gal/yr)€x€naphthalene€contentÐ (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à=à0À(#À(#à0.013601€x€1.11€x€10òò11óó€x€0.0005Ðä4(#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à=à0À(#À(#à374tons/yrм (#(# ÐÌTotal€national€emissions€estimate€for€gasoline€distributionÌÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à=à  à353€+€374Ðl¼À(#À(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà h àà0À(#(#à=à0À(#À(#à727tons/yrÐD!”!(#(# ÐÐ  0"€" ÐÓ€ÓB.50à0  àNAPHTHALENE€PRODUCTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€data.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factors€were€0.523lb/ton€(0.262kg/Mg)€of€naphthalene€producedÏand€0.0024lb/ton€(0.0012€kg/Mg)€of€coke€produced.€€These€factors€were€developed€fromÏthe€individual€PAH€emission€factors€from€the€coal€tar€distillation€process€and€cokeÏby-product€recovery€plants€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes€Naphthalene.ÐH˜(#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1993,€1.23E+05€tons€of€naphthalene€and€2.70E+07€tons€of€coke€were€produced€in€theÐ  \ ÐUnited€States€(Mannsville€Chemical€Products€Corporation,€1993).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ 2‚" ÐÌNaphthalene€ProductionÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€0.523€lb/ton€*€1.23E+05€tons€à0 œ à=€6.41E+04lbsÐX ¨(œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€32.2€tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÌCoke€ProductionÌ16-PAH€Annual€Emissions€=€0.0024€lb/ton€*€2.70E+07€tons€à0 œ à=€6.48+04€lbsÐà%0!0œ(#œ(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€32.4€tonsÐ œ(#œ(# ÐÌTotal€Annual€Emissions€=€32.2€tons€+€32.4€tons€à0  àà0D(#(#àà0pD(#D(#àà0œp(#p(#à=€64.6€tonsÐ*V%6œ(#œ(# ÐÐ  h+¸&8 ÐB.51à0  àNAPHTHALENE€USE€-€PHTHALIC€ANHYDRIDE€PRODUCTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€test€data.€€Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€0.34lb/1000lbs€(0.34kg/Mg)€naphthalene€processed.€ÏThis€factor€was€developed€from€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€storage€and€transferÏof€naphthalene€used€in€the€production€of€phthalic€anhydride€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Naphthalene.Ðæ6(#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1993,€1.54E+08lbs€of€naphthalene€were€consumed€to€produce€phthalic€anhydride€inÐ ªú Ðthe€United€States€(Mannsville€Chemical€Products€Corporation,€1993).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ Ð   ÐÌߊ€ImnRB>zx p €@Xdd@E°”x§dÐß°”x§Šßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌÐ  º! * ÐB.52à0  àNAPHTHALENE€USE€-€CARBAMATE€INSECTICIDE€PRODUCTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€test€data.€€Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€0.34lb/1000€lbs€(0.34kg/Mg)€naphthalene€consumed.€ÏThis€factor€was€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€carbamateÏinsecticide€production€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Naphthalene.Ðæ6(#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1993,€2.40E+07lbs€of€naphthalene€were€consumed€to€produce€carbamate€insecticidesÐ ªú Ðin€the€United€States€(Mannsville€Chemical€Products€Corporation,€1993).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ Ð   ÐÌߊ€I”•RB>zx p €@Xdd@E°”x§dÐß°”x§Šßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌÐ  º! * ÐB.53à0  àNAPHTHALENE€USE€-€NAPHTHALENE€SULFONATES€PRODUCTIONа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€test€data.€€Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€0.34lb/1000lbs€(0.34kg/Mg)€naphthalene€consumed.€ÏThis€factor€was€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€naphthaleneÏsulfonate€production€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Naphthalene.Ðæ6(#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1993,€3.84E+07lbs€of€naphthalene€were€consumed€to€produce€naphthalene€sulfonatesÐ ªú Ðin€the€United€States€(Mannsville€Chemical€Products€Corporation,€1993).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ Ð   ÐÌߊ€I–—RB>zx p €@Xdd@E°”x§dÐß°”x§Šßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌÐ  º! * ÐB.54à0  àNAPHTHALENE€-€MISCELLANEOUS€USESа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.à0  àThere€is€no€7-PAH€emission€factor€developed€for€this€source€because€none€of€the€7-PAHÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€reported€in€the€available€test€data.€€Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€was€0.34lb/1000€lbs€(0.34kg/Mg)€naphthalene€consumed.€ÏThis€factor€was€developed€from€the€individual€PAH€emission€factors€for€miscellaneousÏuses€of€naphthalene€as€reported€in€the€POM€L&E€document€(U.S.€EPA,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àThe€16-PAH€emission€factor€includes:€€Naphthalene.Ðæ6(#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àIn€1993,€7.20E+06lbs€of€naphthalene€were€consumed€in€miscellaneous€uses€in€the€UnitedÐ ªú ÐStates€(Mannsville€Chemical€Products€Corporation,€1993).Ð (#(# ÐÌòòCalculationóóÐ Ð   ÐÌ߉€Iƒ‚QA=zx 0 €@Xdd@E°”x§dÐß°”x§‰ßâ °±°±°(#°(#â°â °±°±°±°±â°â °(#°(#°±°±âÌÐ  º! * ÐB.55à0  àNON„ROAD€MOBILE€VEHICLES€AND€EQUIPMENT€„€OTHERа(#(# ÐÌòòBasis€for€Input€DataóóÐ tÄ ÐÌà0  àThe€1990€base€year€7-PAH€and€16-PAH€national€emission€estimates€for€these€categoriesÏwere€derived€entirely€by€EPA's€Office€of€Mobile€Sources€(OMS).€€The€emission€estimatesÏare€as€follows:Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#à7„PAH:à0` (#` (#à24.0€tons/yrÐÀ (#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à16„PAH:à0` (#` (#à47.0€tons/yrÐ"r (#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€OMS€contact€identified€in€the€reference€for€these€estimates€should€be€contacted€forÏfurther€information€on€the€specific€estimation€procedures€used€(Cook,€1997).Ð (#(# ÐÐ  ªú ÐB.56à0  àAPPENDIX€B€REFERENCESа(#(# ÐÌÓ€Ó1.à0  àAmerican€Forest€and€Paper€Association.€€1996€Statistics€Data€through€1995,€Paper,Ð tÄ ÐPaperboard€and€Wood€Pulp.€€Washington,€D.C.€1996.Ð (#(# ÐÌ2.à0  àAsphalt€Roofing€Manufacturers€Association.€€Written€and€verbal€communication€toÐ 8 ˆ ÐE.Paik,€Radian€Corporation.€€Asphalt€roofing€product€manufactured€in€the€United€StatesÏin€1993.€€October25,€1994.Ð (#(# ÐÌ3.à0  àTelephone€conversation€between€Jonathan€Barnett,€Center€for€Fire€Safety€Studies€atÐ è 8  ÐWorcester€Polytechnic€Institute€and€Eugene€Paik,€Eastern€Research€Group.€€July€22,Ï1997.Ð (#(# ÐÌ4.à0  àLetter€and€attachments€from€Gene€Bartlow,€American€Wood€Preservers€Institute€to€theÐ ˜è  ÐU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency,€Docket€No.€A„97„05.€€Subject:€Notice€of€draftÏsource€category€listing€for€Section€112(d)(2)€Rulemaking€pursuant€to€112(c)(6)Ïrequirements,€FR€62(119)€33625.€€July€21,€1997.Ð (#(# ÐÌ5.à0  àBerenyi,€Eileen€B.€€"Methane€Recovery€from€Landfills€Makes€a€Comeback."€€In:€€òòWasteÐ 4„ ÐAgeóó,€Volume25,€No.9,€pp.107„114.€€September1994.Ð p(#(# ÐÌ6.à0  àCavendar,€K.€€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency,€Emission€Standards€Division.€Ð øH ÐInformation€on€secondary€lead€smelting€facilities'€emissions.€€Provided€to€J.€Johnson,ÏEastern€Research€Group.€€July€1997.Ð (#(# ÐÌ7.à0  àLetter€attachments€from€Cement€Kiln€Recycling€Coalition€(CKRC)€to€U.S.Ð ¨ø ÐEnvironmental€Protection€Agency,€Docket€No.€F„96„RCSP„FFFFF.€€Public€comments€onÏthe€Hazardous€Waste€Combustion€MACT€proposed€rule€(61òòFRóó17358).€€August€19,€1996.€Ð €Ð Ðpg.€27.Ð (#(# ÐÌ8.à0  àMemorandum€from€Chin,€C.,€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€to€D.€Wilson,Ð D!”  ÐEastern€Research€Group,€Inc.€€"7-PAH€and€16-PAH€Emission€Estimations€forÏFerroalloys.€€March€11,€1997.Ð (#(# ÐÌ9.à0  àMemorandum€from€Rich€Cook,€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency,€Office€of€MobileÐ ô$D $ ÐSources€to€A.€Pope,€U.S.€Protection€Agency,€Office€of€Air€Quality€Planning€andÏStandards.€€"Source€Identification€and€Base€Year€1990€Emission€Inventory€Guidance€forÏMobile€Source€HAPs€on€the€OAQPS€List€of€40€Priority€HAPs."€€June€11,€1997.Ð (#(# ÐÌ10.à0  àTelephone€conversation€between€Rick€Copeland,€U.S.€EPA€and€Jack€Johnson,€EasternÐ )à$) ÐResearch€Group,€Inc.€€Medical€waste€incinerator€data.€€January€7,€1997.Ð (#(# ÐÌ11.à0  àCremation€Association€of€North€America€(CANA).€€Cremation€Statistics€fromÐ T,¤', ÐCremationist€Journal.€€Compiled€by€CANA.€€1992.Ð @-(-(#(# ÐB.56à0  àAPPENDIX€B€REFERENCES€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌÌ12.à0  àDempsey,€C.R.,€and€E.T.€Oppelt.€€"Incineration€of€Hazardous€Waste:€€A€Critical€ReviewÐ tÄ ÐUpdate."€€In:€€òòAir€and€Wasteóó,€43:25„73.€€1993.Ð`°(#(# ÐÌ13.à0  àSummary€Report€from€J.F.€Durham,€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency,€to€BarbaraÐ 8 ˆ ÐDriscol,€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency.€€112(k)€Inventory„Petroleum€Refineries.€ÏJune€18,€1997.Ð (#(# ÐÌ14.à0  àEnergy€Information€Administration€(EIA).€€"Coke€Plant€Report-Quarterly."€€FormEIA-5.€Ð è 8  ÐCoke€and€Breeze€Production€at€Coke€Plants.€€1990€Year€End€Estimates.€ÏWashington,D.C.€1990.Ð (#(# ÐÌ15.à0  àEnergy€Information€Administration€(EIA).€€òòEstimate€of€U.S.€Biofuels€Consumption€1990óó.€Ð ˜è  ÐU.S.Department€of€Energy€Office€of€Coal,€Nuclear,€Electric,€and€Alternative€Fuels,ÏWashington,€DC.€€p.6.€€DOE/EIA-0548(90).€€1991.à0p(#(#àÐpÀp(#p(# ÐÌ16.à0  àEnergy€Information€Administration€(EIA).€€òòState€Energy€Data€Report,€ConsumptionÐ H˜ ÐEstimates€1960„1990óó.€€Office€of€Energy€Markets€and€End€Use,€Washington,€DC.€Ð 4„ ÐDOE/EIA„0214(90).€€May€1992.Ð (#(# ÐÌ17.à0  àFruh,€Steve,€€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency.€€Data€and€calculations€provided€toÐ øH ÐJack€Johnson,€Eastern€Research€Group,€Inc.€on€1990€emissions€from€the€PrimaryÏAluminum€Industry.€€January7,€1997.Ð (#(# ÐÌ18.à0  àHall,€Robert€E.,€and€Daryl€G.€DeAngelis.€€"EPA's€Research€Program€for€ControllingÐ ¨ø ÐResidential€Wood€Combustion€Emissions."€€Journal€of€the€Air€Pollution€ControlÏAssociation,€Volume€30,€No.€8,€pp.862„865.€€1980.Ð (#(# ÐÌ19.à0  àLetter€to€Hawkins,€G.€J.,€Portland€Cement€Association€to€U.S.€Environmental€ProtectionÐ X ¨ ÐAgency,€Docket€No.€A„97„05.€€July€21,€1997.Ð (#(# ÐÌ20.à0  àMannsville€Chemical€Products€Corporation.€€"Naphthalene."€In:€€òòChemical€ProductsÐ #l! ÐSynopsisóó,€Asbury€Park,€New€Jersey.€€March1993.Ð$X"(#(# ÐÌ21.à0  àMemorandum€from€Heath,€E.,€Research€Triangle€Institute,€to€J.€Wood,€U.S.€EPA,Ð à%0!$ Ð"Dioxin/Furan€Toxic€Equivalent€Emissions€from€Cement€Kilns€that€do€not€BurnÏHazardous€Waste.€€March€18,€1996a.Ð ¸'#&(#(# ÐB.56à0  àAPPENDIX€B€REFERENCES€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌÌ22.à0  àMemorandum€from€Heath,€E.,€Research€Triangle€Institute,€to€J.€Wood,€U.S.€EPA,Ð tÄ Ð"Dioxin/Furan€Toxic€Equivalent€Emissions€from€Cement€Kilns€that€Burn€HazardousÏWaste.€€March€18,€1996b.Ð (#(# ÐÌ23.à0  àMemorandum€from€LaFlam,€G.€and€T.€Johnson,€Pacific€Environmental€Services€(PES)€toÐ $ t ÐS.€Shedd,€U.S.€EPA€Office€of€Air€Quality€Planning€and€Standards.€€"Speciated€HazardousÏAir€Pollutants„Baseline€Emissions€and€Emission€Reductions€Under€the€GasolineÏDistribution€NESHAP."€€August€9,€1996.Ð (#(# ÐÌ24.à0  àLetter€and€attachments€from€Menotti,€David,€Shaw,€Pittman,€Potts,€and€Trowbridge€toÐ À  ÐAnne€Pope,€U.S.€EPA.€€Comments€to€the€draft€112(c)(6)€emission€inventory€report.€ÏNovember€27,€1996.Ð (#(# ÐÌ25.à0  àLetter€and€attachments€from€Mosher,€Gary,€American€Foundrymen's€Society€to€the€U.S.Ð pÀ ÐEnvironmental€Protection€Agency,€Docket€No.€A„97„05.€€August€5,€1991.Ð (#(# ÐÌ26.à0  àNational€Asphalt€Pavement€Association€(NAPA).€€"Hot€Mix€Asphalt€Est."€€GeorgeÐ 4„ ÐGoggin.€€1993.Ð (#(# ÐÌ27.à0  àNational€Council€of€the€Paper€Industry€for€Air€and€Stream€Improvement€(NCASI),€Inc.€Ð øH ÐòòCompilaton€of€Air€Toxic€Emission€Data€for€Boilers,€Pulp€Mills,€and€Bleach€Plantsóó.€Ð ä4 ÐTechnical€Bulletin€No.€650.€€New€York,€New€York.€€June1993.Ð (#(# ÐÌ28.à0  àòòOil€and€Gas€Journalóó,€Volume89,€No.11,€p.86.€€March18,€1991.Шø(#(# ÐÌ29.à0  àPeterson,€J.€€Mt.Baker„Snoqualmie€National€Forest,€and€D.€Ward,€Forest€Service€FireÐ €Ð ÐLab.€€òòAn€Inventory€of€Particulate€Matter€and€Air€Toxic€Emissions€from€Prescribed€FiresÐ l¼ Ðin€the€United€States€for€1989óó.€€Final€Report.€€IAGDW12934736-01„0„1989.€€1993.ÐX ¨(#(# ÐÌ30.à0  àPlunkert,€Patricia€A.,€and€Errol€D.€Sehnke.€€"Aluminum,€Bauxite,€and€Alumina."€€In:€Ð 0"€  ÐòòMinerals€Yearbook€1990óó,€U.S.€Department€of€the€Interior.€€p.132.€€1990.Ð#l!(#(# ÐÌ31.à0  àSRI€International.€€òò1993€SRI€Directory€of€Chemical€Producers€„€United€States€ofÐ ô$D # ÐAmericaóó.€€Menlo€Park,€California.€€p.€509.€€1993.Ðà%0!$(#(# ÐÌ32.à0  àTrenholm,€A.R.€and€Beck,€L.L.€€Assessment€of€Hazardous€Organic€Emissions€from€SlotÐ ¸'#& ÐType€Coke€Oven€Batteries.€€Emission€Standards€and€Engineering€Division,€U.S.ÏEnvironmental€Protection€Agency,€Research€Triangle€Park,€North€Carolina.€€1978.Ð (#(# ÐÐ  |*Ì%) ÐB.56à0  àAPPENDIX€B€REFERENCES€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌÌ33.à0  àU.S.€Department€of€Agriculture€(USDA).€€1993.ÐtÄ(#(# ÐÌ34.à0  àU.S.€Department€of€Energy€(DOE),€Energy€Information€Administration,€€HouseholdÐ L œ ÐEnergy€Consumption€and€Expenditures€1990a.€€DOE/EIA„0321(90).€€1993a.Ð (#(# ÐÌ35.à0  àU.S.€Department€of€Energy€(DOE),€Energy€Information€Administration,€€HouseholdÐ  ` ÐEnergy€Consumption€and€Expenditures€1990,€Supplement,€DOE/EIA„0321(90S).€€1993b.Ð (#(# ÐÌ36.à0  àU.S.€Department€of€Transportation€(DOT).€€Aircraft€Engine€Emission€Database€VersionÐ Ô$  Ð2.1.€€Federal€Aviation€Administration.€€Washington,€D.C.Ð (#(# ÐÌ37.à0  àU.S.€Department€of€Transportation€(DOT).€€Airport€Activity€Statistics€of€Certified€RouteÐ ˜è  ÐAir€Carriers.€€(FAA„APO„94„9).€€Federal€Aviation€Administration.€€Washington,€D.C.€Ï1994a.Ð (#(# ÐÌ38.à0  àU.S.€Department€of€Transportation€(DOT).€€Air€Traffic€Activity€„€Fiscal€Year€1993.€Ð H˜ Ð(FAA„APO„94„10).€€Federal€Aviation€Administration.€€Washington,€D.C.€€1994b.Ð (#(# ÐÌ39.à0  àU.S.€Department€of€Transportation.€€òòHighway€Statistics€1990óó.€€Federal€HighwayÐ  \ ÐAdministration,€Office€of€Highway€Information€Management.€€FHWA„PL„91„003.€ÏWashington,€D.C.€€1990.Ð (#(# ÐÌ40.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€€òòAsphalt€Roofing€Manufacturing„Ð ¼  ÐBackground€Information€for€Proposed€Standardsóó.€€EPA€Report€No.€EPA„450/Шø(#(# Ðà0  à3„80„021a.€€Office€of€Air€Quality€Planning€and€Standards,€Research€Triangle€Park,€NorthÏCarolina.€€1980.€€€Ð (#(# ÐÌ41.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€€òòTechnical€Guidance„Stage€II€VaporÐ X ¨ ÐRecovery€Systems€for€Control€of€Vehicle€Refueling€at€Gasoline€Dispensing€Facilitiesóó.€Ð D!” ÐEPA€Report€No.€EPA„450/3„91„022a.€€Research€Triangle€Park,€North€Carolina.€ÏNovember€1991a.Ð (#(# ÐÌ42.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€€òòSummary€of€Markets€for€Scrap€Tires.óó€Ð ô$D # ÐEPA€Report€No.€EPA/530„SW„90„074b.€€Office€of€Solid€Waste€and€EmergencyÏResponse,€Washington,€D.C.€€October€1991b.Ð (#(# ÐÌ43.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€€òòCharacterization€of€Municipal€SolidÐ ¤(ô#' ÐWaste€in€the€United€States:€€1992Updateóó.€€Office€of€Solid€Waste€and€EmergencyÐ )à$( ÐResponse.€€EPA/530-R-92-019.€€p.ES-5.€€July1992a.Ð (#(# ÐÌÌÐ @-(, ЇB.56à0  àAPPENDIX€B€REFERENCES€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌÌñÅ ñ4ñÅ ññÆ ñ4ñÆ ññÇ ññÅ ñ7ñÅ ññÇ ññÅ ñ.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€€òòProcedures€for€Emission€InventoryÐ tÄ ÐPreparation,€€Volume€IV:€Mobile€Sourcesóó.€€Office€of€Air€and€Radiation.€Ð `° ÐEPA-450/4-81-02d€(Revised).€€1992b.Ð (#(# ÐñÅ ññÈ ññ ñÌñ ññÈ ñÌ4ñÉ ñ5ñÉ ññÊ ñ4ñÊ ñ.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€€òòEmission€Factor€Documentation€forÐ $ t ÐAP-42€Section1.11,€Waste€Oil€Combustionóó.€€Technical€Support€Division,€Office€of€AirÐ  ` ÐQuality€Planning€and€Standards,€Research€Triangle€Park,€North€Carolina.€€April1993a.Ð (#(# ÐÌ4ñË ñ6ñË ññÌ ñ5ñÌ ñ.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€€òòPulp,€Paper,€and€Paperboard€Industry--Ð Ô$  ÐBackground€Information€for€Proposed€Air€Emission€Standards.€€Manufacturing€ProcessesÏat€Kraft,€Sulfite,€Soda,€and€Semi-Chemical€Millsóó.€€Emission€Standards€Division,€OfficeÐ ¬ü  Ðof€Air€Quality€Planning€and€Standards,€Research€Triangle€Park,€North€Carolina.€ÏEPA-453/R-93-050a.€€Emission€Standards€Division,€Office€of€Air€Quality€Planning€andÏStandards,€Research€Triangle€Park,€North€Carolina.€€EPA-450/3-86-010a.€ÏOctober1993b.Ð (#(# ÐÌ4ñÍ ñ7ñÍ ññÎ ñ6ñÎ ñ.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€€òòEstimating€Exposures€to€Dioxin„likeÐ 4„ ÐCompounds€„€VolumeII:€€Properties,€Sources,€and€Occurrence€and€BackgroundÏExposuresóó,€External€Review€Draft.€€EPA-600/6-88-005Cb.€€Office€of€Health€andÐ  \ ÐEnvironmental€Assessment,€Washington,€DC.€€June1994a.Ð (#(# ÐÌ48.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€€òòGasoline€Distribution€Industry€(Stage€I)€„Ð Ð  ÐBackground€Information€Document€for€Proposed€Standardsóó.€€Office€of€Air€QualityÐ ¼  ÐPlanning€and€Standards,€Research€Triangle€Park,€North€Carolina.€€EPA-453/R-94-002a.€ÏJanuary,€1994b.Ð (#(# ÐÌ49.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA)€.€€òòGasoline€Distribution€Industry€(Stage€I)€„Ð l¼ ÐBackground€Information€for€Promulgated€Standardsóó.€€Office€of€Air€Quality€Planning€andÐ X ¨ ÐStandards,€Research€Triangle€Park,€North€Carolina.€€EPA€Report€No.€EPA„453/R„94„¼002b.€€November,€1994c.Ð (#(# ÐÌ50.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€€òòCompilation€of€Air€Pollutant€EmissionÐ $X" ÐFactorsóó.€€Fifth€Edition.€€Section€1.10.€€Residential€Woodstoves.€€Research€Triangle€Park,Ð ô$D # ÐNorth€Carolina.€€January€1995a.Ð (#(# ÐÌ51.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€€òòCompilation€of€Air€Pollutant€EmissionÐ ¸'#& ÐFactors„AP„42óó,€Draft€Section€12.2„Coke€Production.€€Research€Triangle€Park,€NorthÐ ¤(ô#' ÐCarolina.€€May,€1995b.Ð (#(# ÐÐ  |*Ì%) ÐB.56à0  àAPPENDIX€B€REFERENCES€(Continued)а(#(# ÐÌÌ52.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€€òòStudy€of€Hazardous€Air€PollutantÐ tÄ ÐEmissions€f'rom€Electric€Utility€Steam€Generating€Units€„€Interim€Final€Reportóó.€Ð `° ÐEPA-453/R-96-013a.€€Office€of€Air€Quality€Planning€and€Standards,€Research€TriangleÏPark,€North€Carolina.€€October€1996a.Ð (#(# ÐÌ53.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€€òòPrimary€Aluminum€Industry:€€TechnicalÐ  ` ÐSupport€Document€for€Proposed€MACT€Standardsóó.€€Office€of€Air€Quality€Planning€andÐ ü L  ÐStandards,€Research€Triangle€Park,€North€Carolina.€€July€1996b.Ð (#(# ÐÌ54.à0  àU.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency€(EPA).€€òòLocating€and€Estimating€Air€EmissionsÐ À  Ðfrom€Sources€of€Polycyclic€Organic€Matter€(POM)óó.€€Research€Triangle€Park,€NorthÐ ¬ü  ÐCarolina.€€September€1997.€€Ð (#(# ÐÌ55.à0  àU.S.€Forest€Service.€€1984„1990€Forest€Fire€Statistic.€€U.S.€Department€ofÐ pÀ ÐAgriculture-Forest€Service.€€1993.Ð (#(# ÐÌ56.à0  àZannes,€Maria.€€Integrated€Waste€Services€Association,€letter€and€attachments€to€DennisÐ 4„ ÐBeauregard,€U.S.€Environmental€Protection€Agency.€€February€16,€1996.Ð (#(# ÐÌ