ÿWPCÏV ¡£x…ª®”žF–Ͷ}#‹ùôД™È<ÙÜ=€w6^Ù—nU– ÿö㦠ܺ»ƒíM[–»ðb‚d05F5q,àŶ<Š¥˜%:`µ}›ê d?Ø ¹"¡Y7~tË|Ÿ^¾ša1¿P*’ûÄ?ÆâQ&?PÚ5Ú6—œ 98"€ÑÄ:|N>è_öw+v"´¼ÑrârÞ‡؇“ë%˜²ŠÑE¸KWÇîo‚3ˆñÅ‚rÐ×K¼•Û×Ó4^ʽ»äY’=ںž|I¶‹ç·Pñ&ú>¤œl!Š)t™Š‘äˆB¥–zÞÅàrŠþ"¤œ ðN¬½¹é3µ¢K }#^ÜFÇBO´–îfaL?÷ã ÒÎ? ù ­%€7I*¦U3z ‘‘ƃę;·GIòŽyµ¸¯Å¸%y -Dú$ØËK%ÕÆc³&¼Z8ú>Ý=‡Ž¤#Œ·ì5p.K? §¨‚œ3ß¼zü¸56Ò(…sT…,;d†ó˜P†púLG£TV¶otÇäx5ócD“o­SÞé‚GœÐÓü[QjûG²–d«7÷²´O+ÑB€’’ž©;á‚ÛÊ*̧“æás¤Wr™¶§eOæÁ@b#!\}} %ú 0R àR ^ 2w@>4~’¡ m£ºÆÂBˆ 0nÊU:8 D+rU*NÇ@ ÉoûÓMÎ0U>Ò0U,1M<1<1<1<1 0n@1@1@1@1@1@1E®1M°1 0n´1U :"2"2U*\2\2\2\2\2\2Z†2†2@ à3oûê3ê3ê3ê3ê3 B-åRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåRåR AS 0n¯S D3T BPT 0nmT 0KÛT AQ&UÆwU 0D=V=V=V 0NV˜Acrobat DistillerØÚØÚÚØØÚ0 sÝ ƒ3­'ÝÓ  ÓÓ °š…°œXÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ @ ÑÓ?+Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ìDœôL¤ü!°š…?ÓÔ‡&ôO·õò&òÔÔ‡(ôO·õõ&ôO·ÔÓ  Óßp€V0<,(`~0©è!! `ÀœœE°X!!!!eX··pßâ  (# (#°(#°(#âà @t àà @Ì àà @$ àà @| àà @Ô àà @, àà @„ à€€€Ô_ÔEPA„Ô_Ô452/F„03„029Ô#†(ò×òõ(ôO·Ÿ#ÔÔ#†&ò×òò(ò×¾#ÔÐ X ÐÌÌÔ_ÔÓ  ÓÔ_Ôà @t àÔ_Ôò òÔ‡& 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fDd]NJjƒjVTƒj…dJjjDg™=$'-„/,%%,…/.)$+…/.)$$)-„/'$%Œ" djVTjNjD‚jJJ‚jG‡`Djf‹ "ˆ&$%)++*'ƒ$'*‚+(%‚$%(‚+)%„$(‚+'‚$ˆ / djVVjgVjdJ‚jJJ‚jJdl‚jƒJTŒ„/  …6¨$=…  „/Ž jTVjdVjdJ‚jGJ‚jJfl‡jg‹ ‡/ ƒ@%¦$„ ‡/Ž jJiVjVVJjdTƒjƒjRƒfƒdV`‰/ ‚5¦$9‚ ‰/Žl‡j`VƒjƒjVi]„VTN` Š/ @&¤$ Š/N‚jJJNVYiVƒjƒjVY‡jDŒ/ 7£$%? …/‚/‘fddf‚Vƒjƒj VfRJTJjVVDj ƒ/„/5¢$6…/ #‚/iJjV`‚jJVƒjƒjV„TjJjŽ ‚/ƒ „/  $5 „/ „‚/  Tjl`VjGDjgVƒjƒjVƒdljdJjŽ‚/…ƒ/1ž$:ƒ/…#‚/  DlfVji]jYVƒjƒjTiV‚jRdljŽ"// †#ƒ/1œ$:„/#†‚/ jJYldjVVƒjJ‚jJiGjjTJ‚jJ‚/‡‚/2š$Aƒ/ˆ‚/ jG„VjYVƒjJ‚j Jdjl]fNjJf ‚/ˆ#ƒ/30–$09ƒ/ ˆ#‚/ ‘Gj]‚iljdJ‚jGJ‚j JdigYVV`‘‚/‰ƒ/;“$0Aƒ/ #‰‚/‘ `jjGTTDjGJ‚jJTƒj‚iR„jGi"//#‰‚/C<0Ž$0Ah‚/ #‰#//“Y„jGgD‚jJVƒj‚NjjGVTDjR‚/Š! ‚/ <0ˆ$2\KC_Q±¢¤¸±ºÇ¿ÚáÜZqlª®²½Á->š.?š1A›¬/ž]jlfƒD‚jJD‚jJiYND…jg˜«/ ]jlfi`VgNƒjƒjVR‚jlJTYdš-ª/œ`jjGG‚jVVƒjgdƒj]RjjTiž)©/.5œlƒjGT`dƒjd]ƒjdiVljlViœ-ˆ/.ˆ/.ˆ/.Š/(6œYJVd‚]VgƒjVVƒji‚gRjjlV›6'.†/+ˆ/)ˆ/'+ˆ/)$=› fDd]NJjƒjVTƒj…dJjjDg™=$'-„/,%%,…/.)$+…/.)$$)-„/'$%Œ" djVTjNjD‚jJJ‚jG‡`Djf‹ "ˆ&$%)++*'ƒ$'*‚+(%‚$%(‚+)%„$(‚+'‚$ˆ / djVVjgVjdJ‚jJJ‚jJdl‚jƒJTŒ„/  …6¨$=…  „/Ž jTVjdVjdJ‚jGJ‚jJfl‡jg‹ ‡/ ƒ@%¦$„ ‡/Ž jJiVjVVJjdTƒjƒjRƒfƒdV`‰/ ‚5¦$9‚ ‰/Žl‡j`VƒjƒjVi]„VTN` Š/ @&¤$ Š/N‚jJJNVYiVƒjƒjVY‡jDŒ/ 7£$%? …/‚/‘fddf‚Vƒjƒj VfRJTJjVVDj ƒ/„/5¢$6…/ #‚/iJjV`‚jJVƒjƒjV„TjJjŽ ‚/ƒ „/  $5 „/ „‚/  Tjl`VjGDjgVƒjƒjVƒdljdJjŽ‚/…ƒ/1ž$:ƒ/…#‚/  DlfVji]jYVƒjƒjTiV‚jRdljŽ"// †#ƒ/1œ$:„/#†‚/ jJYldjVVƒjJ‚jJiGjjTJ‚jJ‚/‡‚/2š$Aƒ/ˆ‚/ jG„VjYVƒjJ‚j Jdjl]fNjJf ‚/ˆ#ƒ/30–$09ƒ/ ˆ#‚/ ‘Gj]‚iljdJ‚jGJ‚j JdigYVV`‘‚/‰ƒ/;“$0Aƒ/ #‰‚/‘ `jjGTTDjGJ‚jJTƒj‚iR„jGi"//#‰‚/C<0Ž$0Ah‚/ #‰#//“Y„jGgD‚jJVƒj‚NjjGVTDjR‚/Š! ‚/ <0ˆ$2€2€Ô_ÔððmÔ_Ô),€venturiÏscrubbers€or€spray€chambers€may€be€used€to€reduce€the€load€on€the€ESP.€€Much€larger€particles€(>€10€Ô_ÔððmÔ_Ô),Ïare€controlled€with€mechanical€collectors€such€as€cyclones.€€Gas€conditioning€equipment€to€reduce€both€inletÏconcentration€and€gas€temperature€is€occasionally€used€as€part€of€the€original€design€of€a€wet€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔAWMAÔ_Ô,Ï1992;€Flynn,€1999).€ÌÌò òCost€Information:ó óÐ ªú  ÐÌThe€following€are€cost€ranges€(expressed€in€2002€dollars)€for€wire„pipe€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€of€conventional€design€underÏtypical€operating€conditions,€developed€using€EPA€cost„estimating€spreadsheets€for€dry€wire„plate€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€withÏadjustments€made€to€reflect€wet€wire„pipe€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€(EPA,€1996).€€Costs€can€be€substantially€higher€than€in€theÏranges€shown€for€pollutants€which€require€an€unusually€high€level€of€control,€or€which€require€the€ESP€to€beÏconstructed€of€special€materials€such€as€titanium.€€Capital€and€operating€costs€are€generally€higher€due€toÏÔ_ÔnoncorrosiveÔ_Ô€materials€requirements,€increased€water€usage,€and€treatment€and€disposal€of€wet€effluent.€€InÏmost€cases,€smaller€units€controlling€a€low€concentration€waste€stream€will€not€be€as€cost€effective€as€a€largeÏunit€cleaning€a€high€pollutant€load€flow€(EPA,€1998).ÌÓ°ÓÌà  àò òa.à0 ` àCapital€Cost:ó ó€€$ñ5ñ8ñ5ññ5ñ12ñ5ñ5,000€to€$ñ7ññ6ñ2ñ6ññ7ññ8ñ424ñ8ññ6ñ640ñ6ñ,000€per€smòò3óó/sec€($40€to€$200€per€Ô_ÔscfmÔ_Ô)г` (#` (# ÐÌà  àò òb.à0 ` àO€&€M€Cost:ó ó€€$1ñ4ñ2ñ4ññ4ñ5ñ4ñ,000€to€$21,000€per€smòò3óó/sec€($6€to€$10€per€Ô_ÔscfmÔ_Ô),€annuallyÐ\¬` (#` (# ÐÌà  àò òc.à0 ` àAnnualized€Cost:ó ó€€$25,000€to€$97,000€per€smòò3óó/s€($12€to€$46€per€Ô_ÔscfmÔ_Ô),€annuallyÐU ` (#` (# ÐÌà  àò òd.à0 ` àCost€Effectiveness:ó ó€€$73€to€$720€per€metric€ton€($65€to€$660€per€ton)Ю þ"` (#` (# ÐÌò òÔ& y ÔÓ  ÓTheory€of€Operation:ó óÐ W"§$ ÐÌAn€ESP€is€a€particulate€control€deviceÔ'yW"Š"Ô€that€uses€electrical€forces€to€move€particles€entrained€within€an€exhaustÏstream€onto€collection€surfaces.€€The€entrained€particles€are€given€an€electrical€charge€when€they€passÏthrough€a€corona,€a€region€where€gaseous€ions€flow.€€Electrodes€in€the€center€of€the€flow€lane€are€maintainedÏat€high€voltage€and€generate€the€electrical€field€that€forces€the€particles€to€the€collector€walls.€€In€wet€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô,Ïthe€collectors€are€either€intermittently€or€continuously€washed€by€a€spray€of€liquid,€usually€water.€€TheÏcollection€hoppers€used€by€dry€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€are€replaced€with€a€drainage€system.€€The€wet€effluent€is€collected,€andÏoften€treated€on„site€(EPA,€1998).ÌÌIn€a€wire„pipe€ESP,€also€called€a€tubular€ESP,€the€exhaust€gas€flows€vertically€through€conductive€tubes,Ïgenerally€with€many€tubes€operating€in€parallel.€€The€tubes€may€be€formed€as€a€circular,€square,€or€hexagonalÏhoneycomb.€€Square€and€hexagonal€pipes€can€be€packed€closer€together€than€cylindrical€pipes,€reducingÏwasted€space.€€Pipes€are€generally€7€to€30€cm€(3€to€12€inches€(in.))€in€diameter€and€1€to€4€m€(3€to€12€feet)€inÏlength.€€The€high€voltage€electrodes€are€long€wires€or€rigid€ð ðmastsðð€suspended€from€a€frame€in€the€upper€partÏof€the€ESP€that€run€through€the€axis€of€each€tube.€€Rigid€electrodes€are€generally€supported€by€both€an€upperÐ ¨.ø)3 Ðand€lower€frame.€€In€modern€designs,€sharp€points€are€added€to€the€electrodes,€either€at€the€entrance€to€a€tubeÏor€along€the€entire€length€in€the€form€of€stars,€to€provide€additional€ionization€sites€(EPA,€1998;€Flynn,€1999).ÌÌThe€power€supplies€for€the€ESP€convert€the€industrial€AC€voltage€(220€to€480€volts)€to€pulsating€DC€voltageÏin€the€range€of€20,000€to€100,000€volts€as€needed.€€The€voltage€applied€to€the€electrodes€causes€the€gasÏbetween€the€electrodes€to€break€down€electrically,€an€action€known€as€a€ð ðcorona.ðð€€The€electrodes€are€usuallyÏgiven€a€negative€polarity€because€a€negative€corona€supports€a€higher€voltage€than€does€a€positive€coronaÏbefore€sparking€occurs.€€€The€ions€generated€in€the€corona€follow€electric€field€lines€from€the€electrode€to€theÏcollecting€pipe.€€Therefore,€each€electrode„pipe€combination€establishes€a€charging€zone€through€which€theÏparticles€must€pass.€€As€larger€particles€(>10€Ô_ÔððmÔ_Ô€diameter)€absorb€many€times€more€ions€than€small€particlesÏ(>1€Ô_ÔððmÔ_Ô€diameter),€the€electrical€forces€are€much€stronger€on€the€large€particles€(EPA,€1996).ÌÌDue€to€necessary€clearances€needed€for€Ô_ÔnonelectrifiedÔ_Ô€internal€components€at€the€top€of€wire„plate€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô,€partÏof€the€gas€is€able€to€flow€around€the€charging€zones.€€This€is€called€ð ðÔ_ÔsneakageÔ_Ôðð€and€places€an€upper€limit€onÏthe€collection€efficiency.€€Wire„pipe€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€provide€no€Ô_ÔsneakageÔ_Ô€paths€around€the€collecting€region,€but€fieldÏÔ_ÔnonuniformitiesÔ_Ô€may€allow€some€particles€to€avoid€charging€for€a€considerable€fraction€of€the€tube€lengthÏ(Ô_ÔAWMAÔ_Ô,€1992).ÌÌWet€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€require€a€source€of€wash€water€to€be€injected€or€sprayed€near€the€top€of€the€collector€pipes€eitherÏcontinuously€or€at€timed€intervals.€€This€wash€system€replaces€the€rapping€mechanism€usually€used€by€dryÏÔ_ÔESPsÔ_Ô.€€The€water€flows€with€the€collected€particles€into€a€sump€from€which€the€fluid€is€pumped€or€drained.€ÏA€portion€of€the€fluid€may€be€recycled€to€reduce€the€total€amount€of€water€required.€€The€remainder€is€pumpedÏinto€a€settling€pond€or€passed€through€a€Ô_ÔdewateringÔ_Ô€stage,€with€subsequent€disposal€of€the€sludge€(Ô_ÔAWMAÔ_Ô,Ï1992).ÌÌUnlike€dry€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô,€resistivity€of€the€collected€material€is€generally€not€a€major€factor€in€performance.€€BecauseÏof€the€high€humidity€in€a€wet€ESP,€the€resistivity€of€particles€is€lowered,€eliminating€the€ð ðback€coronaðð€condition.€ÏThe€frequent€washing€of€the€pipes€also€limits€particle€buildup€on€the€collectors€(EPA,€1998).ÌÌò òAdvantages:ó óÐ zÊ ÐÌWet€wire„pipe€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€and€other€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€in€general,€because€they€act€only€on€the€particulate€to€be€removed,€andÏonly€minimally€hinder€flue€gas€flow,€have€very€low€pressure€drops€(typically€less€than€13€millimeters€(mm)€(0.5Ïin.)€water€column).€€As€a€result,€energy€requirements€and€operating€costs€tend€to€be€low.€€They€are€capableÏof€very€high€efficiencies,€even€for€very€small€particles.€€Operating€costs€are€relatively€low.€€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€are€capableÏof€operating€under€high€pressure€(to€1,030€Ô_ÔkPaÔ_Ô€(150€psi))€or€vacuum€conditions,€and€relatively€large€gas€flowÏrates€can€be€effectively€handled€(Ô_ÔAWMAÔ_Ô,€1992).ÌÌWet€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€can€collect€sticky€particles€and€mists,€as€well€as€highly€resistive€or€explosive€dusts.€€The€continuousÏor€intermittent€washing€with€a€liquid€eliminates€the€Ô_ÔreentrainmentÔ_Ô€of€particles€due€to€rapping€which€dry€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_ÔÏare€subject€to.€€The€humid€atmosphere€that€results€from€the€washing€in€a€wet€ESP€enables€them€to€collect€highÏresistivity€particles,€absorb€gases€or€cause€pollutants€to€condense,€and€cools€and€conditions€the€gas€stream.€ÏLiquid€particles€or€aerosols€present€in€the€gas€stream€are€collected€along€with€particles€and€provide€anotherÏmeans€of€rinsing€the€collection€electrodes€(EPA,€1998).€€Wet€wire„pipe€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€have€the€additional€advantagesÏof€reducing€ð ðÔ_ÔsneakageÔ_Ôðð€by€passing€the€entire€gas€stream€through€the€collection€field,€and€the€ability€to€beÏtightly€sealed€to€prevent€leaks€of€materia,€especially€valuable€or€hazardous€materials€(Ô_ÔAWMAÔ_Ô,€1992).ÌÌò òDisadvantages:ó óÐ A+‘&/ ÐÌÔ_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€generally€have€high€capital€costs.€€Wire€discharge€electrodes€(approximately€2.5€mm€(0.01€in.)€inÏdiameter)€are€high„maintenance€items.€€Corrosion€can€occur€near€the€top€of€the€wires€because€of€air€leakageÏand€acid€condensation.€€Also,€long€weighted€wires€tend€to€oscillate€„€the€middle€of€the€wire€can€approach€theÐ Œ.Ü)3 Ðpipe,€causing€increased€sparking€and€wear.€€Newer€ESP€designs€are€tending€toward€rigid€electrodes,€orÏð ðmastsðð€which€largely€eliminate€the€drawbacks€of€using€wire€electrodes€(Cooper€and€Alley,€1994;€Flynn,€1999).ÌÌÔ_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€in€general€are€not€suited€for€use€in€processes€which€are€highly€variable€because€they€are€very€sensitiveÏto€fluctuations€in€gas€stream€conditions€(flow€rates,€temperatures,€particulate€and€gas€composition,€andÏparticulate€loadings).€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€are€also€difficult€to€install€in€sites€which€have€limited€space€since€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€must€beÏrelatively€large€to€obtain€the€low€gas€velocities€necessary€for€efficient€PM€collection€(Cooper€and€Alley,€1994).€ÏRelatively€sophisticated€maintenance€personnel€are€required,€as€well€as€special€precautions€to€safeguardÏpersonnel€from€the€high€voltage.€€Ozone€is€produced€by€the€negatively€charged€electrode€during€gas€ionizationÏ(Ô_ÔAWMAÔ_Ô,€1992).€€Wet€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€add€the€complexity€of€a€wash€system,€and€the€fact€that€the€resulting€slurry€mustÏbe€handled€more€carefully€than€a€dry€product,€and€in€many€cases€requires€treatment,€especially€if€the€dust€canÏbe€sold€or€recycled.€€Wet€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô€are€limited€to€operating€at€stream€temperatures€under€approximately€80€toÏ90ððC€(170€to€190ððF),€and€generally€must€be€constructed€of€Ô_ÔnoncorrosiveÔ_Ô€materials€(EPA,€1998;€Flynn,€1999).€ÌÌò òOther€Considerations:ó óÐ ,|  ÐÌFor€wet€Ô_ÔESPsÔ_Ô,€consideration€must€be€given€to€handling€Ô_ÔwastewatersÔ_Ô.€€For€simple€systems€with€innocuousÏdusts,€water€with€particles€collected€by€the€ESP€may€be€discharged€from€the€ESP€system€to€a€solids„removingÏÔ_ÔclarifierÔ_Ô€(either€dedicated€to€the€ESP€or€part€of€the€plant€wastewater€treatment€system)€and€then€to€finalÏdisposal.€€More€complicated€systems€may€require€skimming€and€sludge€removal,€clarification€in€dedicatedÏÔ_ÔwequipmentÔ_Ô,€pH€adjustment,€and/or€treatment€to€remove€dissolved€solids.€€Spray€water€from€an€ESPÏÔ_ÔpreconditionerÔ_Ô€may€be€treated€separately€from€the€water€used€to€wash€the€ESP€collecting€pipes€so€that€theÏcleaner€of€the€two€treated€water€streams€may€be€returned€to€the€ESP.€€Ô_ÔRecirculationÔ_Ô€of€treated€water€to€theÏESP€may€approach€100€percent€(Ô_ÔAWMAÔ_Ô,€1992).ÌÓ–"ÓÌò òReferences:ó óÐ 5… ÐÌÔ_ÔAWMAÔ_Ô,€1992.€€Air€&€Waste€Management€Association,€€òòAir€Pollution€Engineering€Manualóó,€Van€Ô_ÔNostrandÔ_ÔÐ Ü, ÐReinhold,€New€York.€ÌÌCooper€&€Alley,€1994.€€C.€D.€Cooper€and€F.€C.€Alley,€òòAir€Pollution€Control:€A€Design€Approachóó,€SecondÐ R¢ ÐEdition,€Ô_ÔWavelandÔ_Ô€Press,€Inc.€IL.ÌÌEPA,€1996.€€U.S.€EPA,€Office€of€Air€Quality€Planning€and€Standards,€ð ðÔ_ÔOAQPSÔ_Ô€Control€Cost€Manual,ðð€FifthÏEdition,€EPA€453/B„96„001,€Research€Triangle€Park,€NC.€February.€ÌÌEPA,€1997.€€U.S.€EPA,€Office€of€Air€Quality€Planning€and€Standards,€ð ðCompilation€of€Air€PollutantÏEmission€Factors,€Volume€I,€Fifth€Edition,€Research€Triangle€Park,€NC.,€October.ÌÌEPA,€1998.€€U.S.€EPA,€Office€of€Air€Quality€Planning€and€Standards,€ð ðStationary€Source€ControlÏTechniques€Document€for€Fine€Particulate€Matter,ðð€EPA„452/R„97„001,€ñ:ññ9ñòòñ9ññ:ñResearchñ:ññ9ñóóñ9ññ:ñ€Triangle€Park,€NC.,ÏOctober.ÌÌFlynn,€1999.€€Brian€Flynn,€Ô_ÔBeltranÔ_Ô€Associates,€Inc.,€(718)€338„3311,€personal€communications€with€EricÏAlbright,€February€5€and€10,€1999.ÌÌÔ_ÔSTAPPAÔ_Ô/Ô_ÔALAPCOÔ_Ô,€1996.€€State€and€Territorial€Air€Pollution€Program€Administrators€and€Association€ofÏLocal€Air€Pollution€Control€Officials,€ð ðControlling€Particulate€Matter€Under€the€Clean€Air€Act:€A€Menu€ofÏOptions,ðð€July.€Ì