Aquatic Life Criteria for Silver
Following are the references available to the Agency for developing or revising aquatic life criteria for Silver. These references were discussed in the Federal Register Notice entitled, Notice of Intent to Revise Aquatic Life Criteria for Copper, Silver, Lead, Cadmium, Iron and Selenium; Notice of Intent to Develop Aquatic Life Criteria for Atrazine, Diazinon, Nonylphenol, Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether (MtBE) and Dissolved Oxygen (Saltwater) Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras; Notice of Data Availability; Request for Data and Information.i
References
- Abbe, G.R. and J.G. Sanders. 1990. Pathways of silver uptake and accumulation by the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) in Chesapeake Bay. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 31:113-123.
- Abbe, G.R., J.G. Sanders and G.F. Riedel. 1994. Silver uptake by the oyster (Crassostrea virginica): Effect of organism size and storage sites. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 39:249-260.
- Albright, L.J. and E.M. Wilson. 1974. Sub-lethal effects of several metallic salts-organic compounds combinations upon the heterotrophic microflora of a natural water. Water Res. 8:101-105.
- Albright, L.J., J.W. Wentworth and E.M. Wilson. 1972. Technique for measuring metallic salt effects upon indigenous heterotrophic microflora of a natural water. Water Res. 6:1589-1596.
- Amiard, J.C. 1978a. 110mSilver contamination mechanisms in a marine benthic food chain. 3. Influence of the contamination mechanisms on the distribution of the radionuclide. Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters. 31:444-456.
- Amiard, J.C. 1978b. 110mSilver contamination mechanisms in a marine benthic food chain. 4. Effects of contamination mechanisms on radionuclide elimination. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 34:215-225.
- Amiard, J.C. 1979. 110mSilver contamination mechanisms in a marine benthic food chain. I. Contamination of some marine organisms with water as the intermediary. Cah. Biol. Mar. 20:125-136.
- Amiard-Triquet, C., B. Berthet and R. Martoja. 1991. Influence of salinity on trace metal (Cu, Zn, Ag) accumulation at the molecular, cellular and organism level in the oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg. Biol. Metals 4:144-150.
- Anderson, B.G. 1948. The apparent thresholds of toxicity to Daphnia magna for chlorides of various metals when added to Lake Erie water. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 78:96-113.
- Barrows, M.E., S.R. Petrocelli, K.J. Macek and J.J. Carroll. 1980. Bioconcentration and elimination of selected water pollutants by bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). In: Dynamics, exposure and hazard assessment of toxic chemicals. Hague, R. (Ed.). Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 379-392.
- Baudin, J.P. and J. Garnier-Laplace. 1994. Accumulation, release, and tissue distribution of 110mAg from natural food (Gammarus pulex) by the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27:459-465.
- Berthet, B., J.C. Amiard, C. Amiard-Triquet, M. Martoja and A.Y. Jeantet. 1992. Bioaccumulation, toxicity and physio-chemical speciation of silver in bivalve molluscs: ecotoxicological and health consequences. Sci. Total Environ. 125:97-122.
- Birge, W.J. 1978. Aquatic toxicology of trace elements of coal and fly ash. In: Energy and environmental stress in aquatic systems. Thorp, J.H. and J.W. Gibbons (Eds.). CONF-771114. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. pp. 219-240.
- Birge, W.J., J.E. Hudson, J.A. Black and A.G. Westerman. 1978. Embryo-larval bioassays on inorganic coal elements and in situ biomonitoring of coal waste effluents. In: Surface mining and fish/wildlife needs in the eastern United States. Samuel, D.E., J.R. Stauffer, C.H. Hocutt and W.T. Mason (Eds.).
- PB-298353. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. pp. 97-104.
- Birge, W.J., J.A. Black and A.G. Westerman. 1979. Evaluation of aquatic pollutants using fish and amphibian eggs as bioassay organisms. In: Animals as monitors of environmental pollutants. Nielson, S.W., G. Migaki and D.G. Scarrelli (Eds.). National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. pp. 108-118.
- Birge, W.J., J.A. Black, A.G. Westerman and J.E. Hudson. 1980. Aquatic toxicity tests on inorganic elements occurring in oil shale. In: Oil shale symposium: Sampling, analysis and quality assurance. Gale, C. (Ed.). EPA-600/9-80-022. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. pp. 519-534.
- Birge, W.J., J.A. Black and B.A. Ramey. 1981. The reproductive toxicology of aquatic contaminants. In: Hazard assessment of chemicals. Current developments. Vol. 1. Saxena, J. and F. Fisher (Eds.). Academic Press, New York, NY. pp. 59-115.
- Bitton, G., K. Rhodes and B. Koopman. 1996. CerioFAST: An acute toxicity test based on Ceriodaphnia dubia feeding behavior. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15:123-125.
- Blondin, G.A., L.M. Knobeloch, H.W. Read and J.M. Harkin. 1989. An In Vitro submitochondrial bioassay for predicting acute toxicity in fish. In: Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Gate: Eleventh Volume. Suter, G.W., II and M.A. Lewis (Eds.). ASTM, STP 1007. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 551-563.
- Boney, A.D., D.S. Corner and B.W.P. Sparrow. 1959. Effects of various poisons on the growth and viability of sporelings of the red alga Plumaria elegans (Bonnem.) Schm. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2:37-49.
- Breteler, R.J., J.W. Williams and R.L. Buhl. 1982. Measurement of chronic toxicity using the opossum shrimp Mysidopsis bahia. Hydrobiologia 93:189-194.
- Bringmann. G. 1978. Studies on the biological effects of water-borne pollutants in protozoans. I. Bacteriophagus flagellate (model organism: Entosiphon sulcatum Stein). Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 11:210-215.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1959a. Water-toxicological investigations with protozoa as test organisms. Gesundh.-Ing. 80:239-242.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1959b. Comparative water toxicological investigations on bacteria, algae, and Daphnia. Gesundh.-Ing. 80:115-120.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1960. Results of water-toxicological tests of insecticides. Gesundh.-Ing. 81:243-244.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1977a. Limiting values for the damaging action of water pollutants to bacteria (Pseudomonas putida) and green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda) in cell multiplication inhibition test. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 10:87-98.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1977b. The toxicity of waterborne contaminants towards Daphnia magna. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 10:161-166.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1978a. Limiting values for the noxious effects of water pollutant material to blue algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) and green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda) in cell multiplication inhibition tests. Vom Wasser 50:45-60.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1978b. Testing of substances for their toxicity threshold: Model organisms Microcystis (Diplocystis) aeruginosa and Scenedesmus quadricauda. Mitt. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 21:275-284.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980a. Determination of the biological effect of water pollutants in protozoa. III. Saprozoic flagellates. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 13:170-173.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980b. Comparison of the toxicity thresholds of water pollutants to bacteria, algae, and protozoa in the cell multiplication inhibition test. Water Res. 14:231-241.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980c. Determination of the biological harmful effect of water substances for protozoa. II. Bacteriophagous ciliates. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 13:26-31.
- Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1981. Comparison of the effects of harmful substances on flagellates as well as ciliates and on holozoic bacteriophagus and saprozoic protozoa. Gas-Wasserfach 122:308-313.
- Brooke, L.T. 1993. Effects of food and test solution age on the toxicity of silver to three freshwater organisms. Progress Report to U.S. EPA for Contract No. 68-C1-0034, Work Assignment 1-10, September. Environmental Health Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, WI.
- Brooke, L.T., D.J. Call, C.A. Lindberg, T.P. Markee, S.H. Poirier and D.J. McCauley. 1986. Acute toxicity of silver to selected freshwater invertebrates. Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, WI. Report to Battelle Memorial Research Institute, Columbus, OH.
- Brown, B.T. and B.M. Rattigan. 1979. Toxicity of soluble copper and other metal ions to Elodea canadensis. Environ. Pollut. 20:303-314.
- Bryan, G.W., W.J. Langston, L.G. Hummerstone, G.R. Burt and Y.B. Ho. 1983. An assessment of the gastropod, Littorina littorea, as an indicator of heavy-metal contamination in United Kingdom estuaries. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 63:327-345.
- Buccafusco, R.J., S.J. Ells and G.A. LeBlanc. 1981. Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26:446-452.
- Buhl, K.J. and S.J. Hamilton. 1991. Relative sensitivity of early life stages of Arctic grayling, coho salmon, and rainbow trout to nine inorganics. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 22:184-197.
- Buikema, A.L., Jr., J. Cairns, Jr. and G.W. Sullivan. 1973. Development and assessment of acute bioassay techniques for the littoral rotifer, (Philodina acuticornis). PB 290 937. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Buikema, A.L., Jr., J. Cairns, Jr. and G.W. Sullivan. 1974a. Rotifers as monitors of heavy metal pollution in water. Bulletin 71. Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Blacksburg, VA.
- Buikema, A.L., Jr., J. Cairns, Jr. and G.W. Sullivan. 1974b. Evaluation of Philodina acuticornis (Rotifera) as a bioassay organism for heavy metals. Water Resour. Bull. 10:648-661.
- Bury, N.R., F. Galvez and C.M. Wood. 1999a. Effects of chloride, calcium and dissolved organic carbon on silver toxicity: Comparison between rainbow trout and fathead minnows. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (in press).
- Bury, N.R., J.C. McGeer and C.M. Wood. 1999b. Effects of altering freshwater chemistry on the physiological responses of rainbow trout to silver exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (in press).
- Calabrese, A. and D.A. Nelson. 1974. Inhibition of embryonic development of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, by heavy metals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11:92-97.
- Calabrese, A., R.S. Collier, D.A. Nelson and J.R. MacInnes. 1973. The toxicity of heavy metals to embryos of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica. Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 18:162-166.
- Calabrese, A., J.R. MacInnes, D.A. Nelson and J.E. Miller. 1977a. Survival and growth of bivalve larvae under heavy-metal stress. Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 41:179-184.
- Calabrese, A., F.P. Thurberg and E. Gould. 1977b. Effects of cadmium, mercury, and silver on marine animals. Mar. Fish. Rev. 39:5-11.
- Calabrese, A., J.R. MacInnes, D.A. Nelson, R.A. Greig and P.P. Yevich. 1984. Effects of long-term exposure to silver or copper on growth, bioaccumulation and histopathology in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Environ. Res. 11:253-274.
- Call, D.J., L.T. Brooke, N. Ahmad and J.E. Richter. 1983. Toxicity and metabolism studies with EPA priority pollutants and related chemicals in freshwater organisms. EPA-600/3-83-095 or PB83-263665. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Call, D.J., L.T. Brooke and T.P. Markee. 1998. Bioavailability and toxicity of silver in different freshwater sediments to Chironomus tentans and Hyalella azteca. Progress Report for December 1, 1997 through May 31, 1998 to the Photographic and Imaging Manufacturers Association, Inc., Harrison, NY. Lake Superior Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, WI.
- Call, D.J., C.N. Polkinghorne, T.P. Markee, L.T. Brooke, D.L. Geiger, J.W. Gorsuch and K.R. Robillard. 1999. Silver toxicity to Chironomus tentans in two freshwater sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (in press).
- Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, I.P. May, C.F. Fowler, J.R. Freed, P. Jennings, R.L. Durfee, F.C. Whitmore, B. Maestri, W.R. Mabey, B.R. Holt and C. Gould. 1979. Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants. Vol. 1. EPA-440/4-79-029a. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. pp. 17-1 to 17-11.
- Campbell, P.G. and P.M. Stokes. 1985. Acidification and toxicity of metals to aquatic biota. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 42:2034-2049.
- Cardin, J.A. 1986. Results of acute toxicity tests conducted with silver at ERL, Narragansett. (Memorandum to D. Hansen, U.S. EPA, Narragansett, RI.).
- Cearley, J.E. 1971. Toxicity and bioconcentration of cadmium, chromium, and silver in Micropterus salmoides and Lepomis macrochirus. Ph.D. thesis. University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, MI. Order No. 72-9023.
- Chambers, C.W. and C.M. Proctor. 1960. The bacteriological and chemical behavior of silver in low concentrations. Technical Report W60-4. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, DC.
- Chapman, G.A. 1980. Memorandum to Q. Pickering (Newtown Fish Toxicology Station, July 14).
- Chapman, W.H., H.L. Fisher and M.W. Pratt. 1968. Concentration factors of chemical elements in edible aquatic organisms. UCRL-50564. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Christensen, G.M. 1971. Effects of metal cations and other chemicals upon the in vitro activity of two enzymes in the blood plasma of the white sucker, Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede). Chem.-Biol. Interact. 4:351-361.
- Christensen, G.M. and J.H. Tucker. 1976. Effects of selected water toxicants on the in vitro activity of fish carbonic anhydrase. Chem.-Biol. Interact. 13:181-192.
- Chudd, J.M. 1983. Measurement of pAg in natural water samples. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2:315-323.
- Clark, G.L. 1947. Poisoning and recovery in barnacles and mussels. Biol. Bull. 92:73-91.
- Coglianese, M.P. 1982. The effects of salinity on copper and silver toxicity to embryos of the Pacific oyster. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11:297-303.
- Coglianese, M.P. and M. Martin. 1981. Individual and interactive effects of environmental stress on the embryonic development of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Mar. Environ. Res. 5:13-27.
- Coleman, R.L. and J.E. Cearley. 1974. Silver toxicity and accumulation in largemouth bass and bluegill. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 12:53-61.
- Connell, D.B., J.G. Sanders, G.F. Riedel and G.R. Abbe. 1991. Pathways of silver uptake and trophic transfer in estuarine organisms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25:921-924.
- Cosson, R.P. 1994a. Heavy metal intracellular balance and relationship with metallothionein induction in the liver of carp after contamination by silver, cadmium and mercury following or not pretreatment by zinc. BioMetals 7:9-19.
- Cosson, R.P. 1994b. Heavy metal intracellular balance and relationship with metallothionein induction in the gills of carp. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 46:229-245.
- Dalmon, J. and M. Bayen. 1976. Interaction of silver ions with Chlorella pyrenoidosa nuclear DNA. Plant Sci. Lett. 7:381-390.
- Davies, P.H. 1976. A method for determinating the long-term toxicity of insoluble metal compounds demonstrated by silver iodide in natural water. In: Toxicity to biota of metal forms in natural water. Andrew, R.W., P.V. Hodson and D.E. Konasawich (Eds.). International Joint Commission Research Advisory Board, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
- Davies, P.H. and J.P. Goettl, Jr. 1978. Evaluation of the potential impacts of silver and/or silver iodide on rainbow trout in laboratory and high mountain lake environments. In: Environmental impacts of artificial ice nucleating agents. Klein, D.A. (Ed.). Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross Inc., Stroudsburg, PA.
- Davies, P.H., J.P. Goettl, Jr. and J.R. Winley. 1978. Toxicity of silver to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Water Res. 12:113-117.
- Diamond, J.M., D.E. Koplish, J. McMahon III and R. Rost. 1997. Evaluation of the water-effect ratio procedure for metals in a riverine system. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:509-520.
- Ding, S., F. Zhou, Z. Kong, L. Kong, B. Wang and L. Wang. 1982. Acute toxicity of silver to carp (Cyprinus carpio) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) and its accumulation and distribution in fish bodies. Huanjing Kexue 3:6-9.
- Dinnel, P.A., J.M. Link, Q.J. Stober, M.W. Letourneau and W.E. Roberts. 1989. Comparative sensitivity of sea urchin bioassays to metals and pesticides. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18:748-755.
- Dinnel, P.A., Q.J. Stober, S.C. Crumley and R.E. Nakatani. 1982. Development of a sperm cell toxicity test for marine waters. In: Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment: Fifth conference. Pearson, J.G., R.B. Foster and W.E. Bishop (Eds.). ASTM STP 766. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 82-98.
- Dinnel, P.A., Q.J. Stober, J.M. Link, M.W. Letourneau, W.E. Roberts, S.P. Felton and R.E. Nakatani. 1983. Methodology and validation of a sperm cell toxicity test for testing toxic substances in marine waters. Final report to University of Washington Sea Grant Program, Grant R/TOX-1.
- Di Toro, D., P. Paquin, R. Santore and B. Wu. 1998. Chemistry of silver bioavailability: A model of acute silver toxicity to fish. In: Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment. Andren, A.W. and T.W. Bober (Eds.), Conference Proceedings of the 5th International Argentum Conference, Hamilton, ON, Canada, September 28-October 1, 1997.
- Dorfman, D. 1977. Tolerance of Fundulus heteroclitus to different metals in salt water. Bull. N. J. Acad. Sci. 22:21-23
- Doudoroff, P. and M. Katz. 1953. Critical review of literature on the toxicity of industrial wastes and their components to fish. Sewage Ind. Wastes 25:802-839.
- Doudoroff, P., G. Leduc and C.R. Schneider. 1966. Acute toxicity to fish of solutions containing complex metal cyanides, in relation to concentrations of molecular hydrocyanic acid. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 95:6-22.
- EG & G, Bionomics. 1979. The acute toxicity of various silver compounds to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Report No. BW-79-12-576. Wareham, MA.
- Eisler, R. 1996. Silver hazards to fish, wildlife and invertebrates: A synoptic review. National Biological Service Biological Report 32. 44 pp. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Eisler, R., M.M. Barry, R.L. Lapan, Jr., G. Teleek, E.W. Davey and A.E. Sopar. 1978. Metal survey of the marine clam Pitar morrhuana near a Rhode Island (USA) electroplating plant. Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 45:311-317.
- Elnabarawy, M.T., A.N. Welter and R.R. Robideau. 1986. Relative sensitivity of three daphnid species to selected organic and inorganic chemicals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5:393-398.
- Engel, D.W., W.G. Sunda and B.A. Fowler. 1981. Factors affecting trace metal uptake and toxicity to estuarine organisms. I. Environmental parameters. In: Biological monitoring of marine pollutants. Vernberg, F.J., A. Calabrese, F.P. Thurberg and W.B. Vernberg (Eds.). Academic Press, New York, NY. pp. 127-143.
- Erickson, R.J., L.T. Brooke, M.C. Kahl, F. Vande Venter. S.L. Harting, T.P. Markee and R.L. Spehar. 1998. Effects of laboratory test conditions on the toxicity of silver to aquatic organisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:572-578.
- Estabrook, G.F., D.W. Burk, D.R. Inman, P.B. Kaufman, J.R. Wells, J.D. Jones and N. Ghosheh. 1985. Comparison of heavy metals in aquatic plants on Charity Island, Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, U. S. A., with plants along the shoreline of Saginaw Bay. Am. J. Bot. 72:209-216.
- Etris S. 1997. Silver and silver alloys. In: Howe-Grant M. (Ed.). Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Fourth Edition. Vol. 22, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. pp 163-179.
- Eyster, L.S. and M.P. Morse. 1984. Development of the surf clam (Spisula solidissima) following exposure of gametes, embryos and larvae to silver. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13:641-646.
- Feldt, W. and M. Melzer. 1978. Bioconcentration of the elements cobalt, manganese, iron, zinc and silver in fish. Arch. Fischereiwiss. 29:105-112.
- Ferguson, E.A. and C. Hogstrand. 1998. Acute silver toxicity to seawater-acclimated rainbow trout: Influence of salinity on toxicity and silver speciation. Environm. Toxicol. Chem. 17:589-593.
- Fisher, N.S., M. Bohe and J.L. Teyssie. 1984. Accumulation and toxicity of Cd, Zn, Ag, and Hg in four marine phytoplankters. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 18:201-213.
- Fisher, N.S., J-L. Teyssie, S.W. Fowler and W-X. Wang. 1996. Accumulation and retention of metals in mussels from food and water: A comparison under field and laboratory conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30:3232-3242.
- Fitzgerald, G.P. 1967. The algistatic properties of silver. Water Sew. Works 114:185-189.
- Freeman, R.A. 1979. Ecological kinetics of silver in an alpine lake ecosystem. In: Aquatic toxicology. Marking, L.L. and R.A. Kimerle (Eds.). ASTM STP 667. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 342-358.
- Forsythe, B.L., II. 1996. Silver in a freshwater ecosystem: Acute toxicity and trophic transfer. Ph.D. thesis. Clemson University, Clemson, SC. 149 pp.
- Galvez, F. and C.M. Wood. 1997. The relative importance of water hardness and chloride levels in modifying the acute toxicity of silver to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:2363-2368.
- Ganther, H.E. 1980. Interactions of vitamin E and selenium with mercury and silver. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 355:212-226.
- Gardner, G.R. 1975. Chemically induced lesions in estuarine or marine teleosts. In: The pathology of fishes. Ribelin, W.E. and G. Migaki (Eds.). Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI. pp. 657-693.
- Ghosh, T.K., J.P. Kotangale and K.P. Krishnamoorthi. 1990. Toxicity of selective metals to freshwater algae, ciliated protozoa and planktonic crustaceans. Environ. Ecol. 8:356-360.
- Goettl, J.P., Jr. and P.H. Davies. 1978. Water pollution studies. Job progress report. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Department of Natural Resources, Boulder, CO.
- Goettl, J.P., Jr., J.R. Sinley and P.H. Davies. 1974. Laboratory studies. Water pollution studies. Colorado Fisheries Research Review. pp. 36-44.
- Goettl, J.P., Jr., P.H. Davies and J.R. Sinley. 1976. Water pollution studies. In: Colorado fisheries research review 1972-1975. Cope, D.B. (Ed.). DOW-R-R-F72-75. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Boulder, CO.
- Gould, E. and J.R. MacInnes. 1977. Short-term effects of two silver salts on tissue respiration and enzyme activity in the cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18:401-408.
- Greig, R.A. 1979. Trace metal uptake by three species of molluscs. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22:643-647.
- Hale, J.G. 1977. Toxicity of metal mining wastes. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17:66-73.
- Hall, R.A., E.G. Zook and G.M. Meaburn. 1978. National Marine Fisheries Service survey of trace elements in the fishery resource. Technical Report NMFS SSRF-721. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Hannan, P.J. and C. Patouillet. 1972. Effect of mercury on algal growth rates. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 14:93-101.
- Hammond, P.B. and R.P. Beliles. 1980. Metals. In: Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. Second Edition. Doull, J., C.D. Klaassen M.O. Amdur (Eds.). Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York, NY. PP. 409-467.
- Hassall, K.A. 1962. A specific effect of copper on the respiration of Chlorella vulgaris. Nature 193:90.
- Heitmuller, P.T., T.A. Hollister and P.R. Parrish. 1981. Acute toxicity of 54 industrial chemicals to sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27:596-604.
- Hibiya, T. and M. Oguri. 1961. Gill absorption and tissue distribution of some radionuclides (Cr-51, Hg-203, Zn-65 and Ag-100 m, 110) in fish. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 27:996-1000.
- Holcombe, G.W., G.L. Phipps and J.T. Fiandt. 1983. Toxicity of selected priority pollutants to various aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 7:400-409.
- Holcombe, G.W., G.L. Phipps, A.H. Sulaiman and A.D. Hoffman. 1987. Simultaneous multiple species testing: Acute toxicity of 13 chemicals to 12 diverse freshwater families. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 16:697-710.
- Hogstrand, C., F. Galvez and C.M. Wood. 1996. Toxicity, silver accumulation and metallothionein induction in freshwater rainbow trout during exposure to different silver salts. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15:1102-1108.
- Hogstrand, C. and C.M. Wood. 1998. Toward a better understanding of the bioavailability, physiology, and toxicity of silver in fish: Implications for water quality criteria. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:547-561.
- Hutchinson, T.C. 1973. Comparative studies on the toxicity of heavy metals to phytoplankton and their synergistic interactions. Water Pollut. Res. 8:68-90.
- Hutchinson, T.C. and P.M. Stokes. 1975. Heavy metal toxicity and algal bioassays. In: Water quality parameters. Barabos, S. (Ed.). ASTM STP 573. American Society for Testing and Materials. Philadelphia, PA. pp. 320-343.
- Ishizake, O., Y. Ito and S. Yamaoto. 1966. Determination of the toxicity of food additives by their effects on the life cycle of Chlorella. I. Cultures and method. Nagoya Shiritsu Daigaku Yakugakuba Kenkyu Nenpo 14:66-78; Chem. Abstr. 1968. 68:1965. Abstr. No. 20598h.
- Jackim, E. 1973. Influence of lead and other metals on fish -amino-
- levulinate dehydrase activity. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30:560-562.
- Jackim, E. 1974. Enzyme responses to metals in fish. In: Pollution and physiology of marine organisms. Vernberg, F.J. and W.B. Vernberg (Eds.). Academic Press, New York, NY. pp. 59-65.
- Jackim, E., J.M. Hamlin and S. Sonis. 1970. Effects of metal poisoning on five liver enzymes in the killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27:383-390.
- Janes, N. and R.C. Playle. 1995. Modeling silver binding to gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14:1847-1858.
- Jenne, E.A., D.C. Giruin, J.W. Ball and J.M. Burchard. Manuscript. Inorganic speciation of silver in natural water - fresh to marine. In: Environmental impacts of nucleating agents used in weather modification programs. Klein, D.A. (Ed.). Dower, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., Stroudsberg, PA.
- Jones, J.R. 1939. The relation between the electrolytic solution pressures of the metals and their toxicity to the stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). J. Exp. Biol. 16:425-437.
- Jones, J.R. 1940. A further study of the relation between toxicity and solution pressure, with Polycelis nigra as test animal. J. Exp. Biol. 17:408-415.
- Jones, K.C., P.J. Peterson and B.E. Davies. 1985. Silver and other metals in some aquatic bryophytes from stream in the lead mining district of mid-Wales, Great Britain. Water Air Soil Pollut. 24:329-338.
- Karen, D.J., D.R. Ownby, B.L. Forsythe, T.P. Bills, T.W. La Point, G.B. Cobb and S.J. Klaine. 1999. Influence of water quality on silver toxicity to rainbow trout (O. mykiss), fathead minnows (P. promelas), and the waterflea (D. magna). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (in press).
- Katz, B. 1979. Relationship of the physiology of aquatic organisms to the lethality of toxicants: A broad overview with emphasis on membrane permeability. In: Aquatic toxicity. Marking, L.L. and R.A. Kimerle (Eds.). ASTM STP 667. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 62-76.
- Kay, S.H. 1984. Potential for biomagnification of contaminants within marine and freshwater food webs. Technical Report D-84-7 or AD-A150-747. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Khangarot, B.S. 1991. Toxicity of metals to a freshwater tubificid worm, Tubifex tubifex (Muller). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 46:906-912.
- Khangarot, B.S. and P.K. Ray. 1987a. Sensitivity of toad tadpoles, Bufo melanostrictus (Schneider), to heavy metals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 38:523-527.
- Khangarot, B.S. and P.K. Ray. 1987b. Correlation between heavy metal acute toxicity values in Daphnia magna and fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 38:722-726.
- Khangarot, B.S. and P.K. Ray. 1989a. Sensitivity of midge larvae of Chironomus tentans Fabricius (Diptera Chironomidae) to heavy metals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 42:325-330.
- Khangarot, B.S. and P.K. Ray. 1989b. Investigation of correlation between physicochemical properties of metals and their toxicity to the water flea Daphnia magna Straus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 18:109-120.
- Khangarot, B.S., A. Sehgal and M.K. Bhasin. 1985. Man and biosphere - studies on the Sikkim Himalayas. Part 5. Acute toxicity of selected heavy metals on the tadpoles of Rana hexadactyla. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 13:259-263.
- Klein-MacPhee, G., J.A. Cardin and W.J. Berry. 1984. Effects of silver on eggs and larvae of the winter flounder. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113:247-251.
- Koechlin, N. and M. Grasset. 1988. Silver contamination in the marine polychaete annelid Sabella pavonina S.: A cytological and analytical study. Mar. Environ. Res. 26;249-263.
- LaPoint, T.W., S.M. Melancon and M.K. Morris. 1984. Relationships among observed metal concentrations, criteria, and benthic community structural responses in 15 streams. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 56:1030-1038.
- Laroze, A. 1955. Effect of poisons on fish. Anais Fac. Farm. Porto 15:77-111.
- LeBlanc, G.A. 1980. Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to water flea (Daphnia magna). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24:684-691.
- LeBlanc, G.A. 1984. Interspecies relationships in acute toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3:47-60.
- LeBlanc, G.A., J.D. Maston, A.P. Paradice, B.F. Wilson, H.B. Lockhart, Jr. and K.A. Robillard. 1984. The influence of speciation on the toxicity of silver to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3:37-46.
- Lee, Y.H. and R.B. Stuebing. 1990. Heavy metal contamination in the river toad, Bufo juxtasper (Inger), near a copper mine in East Malaysia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 45:272-279.
- Lemke, A.E. 1981. Interlaboratory comparison acute testing set. EPA 600/3-81-005 or PB81-160772. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Lewis, M.A. 1986. Impact of a municipal wastewater effluent on water quality, periphyton, and invertebrates in the Little Miami River near Xenia, Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 86:2-8.
- Lima, A.R., C. Curtis, D.E. Hammermeister, D.J. Call and T.A. Felhaber. 1982. Acute toxicity of silver to selected fish and invertebrates. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29:184-189.
- Lobel, P.B., S.P. Belkhode, S.E. Jackson and H.P. Longerich. 1990. Recent taxonomic discoveries concerning the mussel Mytilus: Implicatins for biomonitoring. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19:508-512.
- Lockhart, H.B., Jr. Manuscript. The environmental fate of silver discharged to the environment by the photographic industry. Health, Safety, and Human Factors Laboratory, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, NY.
- Lopez-Avila, V., W.D. McKenzie, W.W. Sutton, R. Kaminsky, U. Spanagel, T.A. Olsson and J.H. Taylor. 1985. Application of chemical fractionation/aquatic bioassay procedure to hazardous waste site monitoring. EPA-600/4-85-059 or PB86-109493. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Lucas, H.F., Jr. and D.N. Edgington. 1970. Concentrations of trace elements in Great Lakes fishes. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27:677-684.
- Luoma, S.N. and E.A. Jenne. 1975. The availability of sediment-bound cobalt, silver, and zinc to a deposit-feeding clam. In: Proceedings of biological implications of metals in the environment, 15th Life Sciences symposium, Hanford, WA, Sept. 29-Oct. 1, 1975.
- Lussier, S.M. and J.A. Cardin. 1985. Results of acute toxicity tests conducted with silver at ERL, Narragansett. Memorandum to David J. Hansen, U.S. EPA, Narragansett, RI.
- Lussier, S.M., J.H. Gentile and J. Walker. 1985. Acute and chronic effects of heavy metals and cyanide on Mysidopsis bahia (Crustacea: Mysidacea). Aquat. Toxicol. 7:25-35.
- Lytle, P.E. 1984. Fate and speciation of silver in publicly owned treatment works. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3:21-30.
- MacInnes, J.R. and J. Calabrese. 1978. Response of embryos of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, to heavy metals at different temperatures. In: Physiology and behavior of marine organisms. McLusky, D.S. and A.J. Berry (Eds.). Pergamon Press, New York, NY. pp. 195-202.
- MacInnes, J.R. and F.P. Thurberg. 1973. Effects of metals on the behavior and oxygen consumption of the mud snail. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 4:185-186.
- Malins, D.C., B.B. McCain, D.W. Brown, S.L. Chan, M.S. Myers, J.T. Landahl, P.G. Prohaska, A.J. Friedman, L.D. Rhodes, D.G. Burrows, W.D. Gronlund and H.O. Hodgins. 1984. Chemical pollutants in sediments and diseases of bottom-dwelling fish in Puget Sound, Washington. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18:705-713.
- Martin, J.H. Manuscript. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by littoral and pelagic marine organisms. U.S. EPA, Narragansett, RI.
- Martin, J.H. and A.R. Flegal. 1975. High copper concentration in squid livers in association with elevated levels of silver, cadmium, and zinc. Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 30:51-55.
- Martin, J.H. and G.A. Knauer. 1972. A comparison of inshore vs. offshore levels of 21 trace and major elements in marine plankton. In: Baseline studies of pollutants in the marine environment (heavy metals, halogenated hydrocarbons, and petroleum). Goldberg, E.D. (Ed.). Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven, NY. pp. 35-66.
- Martin, M., G. Ichikawa, J. Goetzl, M. de los Reyes and M.D. Stephenson. 1984. Relationships between physiological stress and trace toxic substances in the bay mussel, Mytilus edulis, from San Francisco Bay, California. Mar. Environ. Res. 11:91-110.
- Martin, T.R. and D.M. Holdich. 1986. The acute lethal toxicity of heavy metals to peracarid crustaceans (with particular reference to freshwater asellids and gammarids). Water Res. 20:1137-1147.
- Mayer, F.L., Jr. 1987. Acute toxicity handbook of chemicals to estuarine organisms. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. EPA/600/8-87/017. April. 274 pp.
- McDermott, D.J., G.V. Alexander, D.R. Young, and A.J. Mearns. 1976. Metal contamination of flatfish around a large submarine outfall. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 48:1913-1918.
- McFeters, G.A., P.J. Bond, S.B. Olson and Y.T. Tchan. 1983. A comparison of microbial bioassays for the detection of aquatic toxicants. Water Res. 17:1757-1762.
- McGeer, J.C. and C.M. Wood. 1999. Protective effects of water Cl- on physiological responses to waterborne silver in rainbow trout. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. (in press).
- McKenney, C.L. 1982. Interlaboratory comparison of chronic toxicity testing using the estuarine mysid (Mysidopsis bahia): A final report. U.S. EPA, Gulf Breeze, FL.
- Morgan, I.J., R.P. Henry and C.M. Wood. 1997. The mechanism of acute silver nitrate toxicity in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is inhibition of gill Na+ and Cl- transport. Aq. Toxicol. 38:145-163.
- Mount, D.I. and T.J. Norberg. 1984. A seven-day life-cycle cladoceran toxicity test. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3:425-434.
- Moyle, P.B. and J.J. Cech. 1996. Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology. Third Edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 590 pp.
- Mukai, H. 1977. Effects of chemical pretreatment on the germination of statoblasts of the freshwater bryozoan, Pectinatella gelatinosa. Biol. Zbl. 96:19-31.
- Nasu, Y., K. Hirabayashi and M. Kugimoto. 1988. The toxicity of some water pollutants for Lemnaceae (Duckweed) plant. Proceedings Asia-Pacific Symposium on Environmental and Occupational Toxicology, Number 8, 4-7 October, Singapore.
- Nebeker, A.V. 1982. Evaluation of a Daphnia magna renewal life-cycle test method with silver and endosulfan. Water Res. 16:739-744.
- Nebeker, A.V., C.K. McAuliffe, R. Mshar and D.G. Stevens. 1983. Toxicity of silver to steelhead and rainbow trout, fathead minnows and Daphnia magna. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2:95-104.
- Nehring. R.B. 1973. Heavy metal toxicity in two species of aquatic insects. Masters thesis. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
- Nehring, R.B. 1976. Aquatic insects as biological monitors of heavy metal pollution. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15:147-154.
- Nelson, D.A., A. Calabrese, R.A. Greig, P.P. Yevich and S. Chang. 1983. Long-term silver effects on the marine gastropod Crepidula fornicata. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 12:155-165.
- Nelson, D.A., A. Calabrese, B.A. Nelson, J.R. MacInnes and D.R. Wenzloff. 1976. Biological effects of heavy metals on juvenile bay scallops, Argopecten irradians, in short-term exposures. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16:275-281.
- Nimmo, D.R., M.H. Dodson, P.H. Davies, J.C. Greene and M.A. Kerr. 1990. Three studies using Ceriodaphnia to detect nonpoint sources of metals from mine drainage. Res. J. WPCF 62:7-15.
- Norberg-King, T.J. 1989. An evaluation of the fathead minnow seven-day subchronic test for estimating chronic toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8:1075-1089.
- Palmer, C.M. and T.E. Maloney. 1955. Preliminary screening for potential algicides. Ohio J. Sci. 55:1-8.
- Parsons, T.R., C.A. Bawden and W.A. Heath. 1973. Preliminary survey of mercury and other metals contained in animals from the Fraser River mudflats. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30:1014-1016.
- Pavlostathis, S.G. and S.K. Maeng. 1998. Aerobic biodegradation of a silver-bearing photoprocessing wastewater. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:617-624.
- Pereira, J.J. and K. Kanungo. 1981. Effects of silver on respiration and on ion and water balance in Neanthes virens. In: Biological monitoring of marine pollutants. Vernberg, F.J., A. Calabrese, F.P. Thurberg and W.B. Vernberg (Eds.). Academic Press, New York, NY. pp. 107-125.
- Pesch, C.E. and G.L. Hoffman. 1983. Interlaboratory comparison of a 28-day toxicity test with the polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata. In: Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment: Sixth symposium. Bishop, W.E., R.D. Cardwell and B.B. Heidolph (Eds.). ASTM STP 802. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 482-493.
- Phillips, G.R. and R.C. Russo. 1978. Metal bioaccumulation in fishes and aquatic invertebrates: A literature review. EPA-600/3-78-103. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Pilie, R.J., R.E. Baier, R.C. Ziegler, R.P. Leonard, J.G. Michalovic, S.L. Pek and D.H. Bock. 1975. Methods to treat, control and monitor spilled hazardous materials. EPA-670/2-75-042. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Playle, R.C. 1997. Physiological and toxicological effects of metals at gills of freshwater fish. In: Reassessment of Metals Criteria for Aquatic Life Protection: priorities for research and implementation. Bergman, H.L. and E.J. Dorward-King (Eds.). Proceedings of the SETAC Pellston Workshop, 10-14 February 1996, Pensacola, FL. pp. 101-105.
- Playle, R.C., C.M. Wood and C. Hogstrand. 1999. Silver uptake and toxicity in fish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. (in press).
- Purcell, T.W. and J.J. Peters. 1998. Sources of silver in the environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:539-546.
- Rai, L.C. and M. Raizada. 1985. Effect of nickel and silver ions on survival, growth, carbon fixation and nitrogenase activity in Nostoc muscorum: Regulation of toxicity by EDTA and calcium. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 31:329-337.
- Reynolds, B.H. 1979. Trace metals monitoring at two ocean disposal sites. EPA-600/3-79-037. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Roesijadi, G., J.S. Young, A.S. Drum and J.M. Gurtisen. 1984. Behavior of trace metals in Mytilus edulis during a reciprocal transplant field experiment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 18:155-170.
- Rodgers, J.H., Jr., E. Deaver, B.C. Suedel and P.L. Rogers. 1997. Comparative aqueous toxicity of silver compounds: Laboratory studies with freshwater species. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 58:851-858.
- Rombough, P.J. 1985. The influence of the zonae radieta on the toxicities of zinc, lead, mercury, copper and silver ions to embryos of steelhead trout Salmo gairdneri. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 82C:115-117.
- Sanders, J.G. and G.R. Abbe. 1989. Silver trnsport and impact in extuarine and marine systems. In: Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Fate. Suter, G.W., II, and M.A. Lewis (Eds.). ASTM STP 1007. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 5-18.
- Schimmel, S.C. 1981. Results: Interlaboratory comparison--acute toxicity tests using estuarine animals. EPA-600/4-81-003. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Segner, H., D. Lenz, W. Hanke and G. Schuurmann. 1994. Cytotoxicity of metals toward rainbow trout R1 cell line. Environ. Toxicol. Wat. Qual. 9:273-279.
- Shafer, M.M., J.T. Overdier and D.E. Armstrong. 1998. Removal, partitioning, and fate of silver and other metals in wastewater treatment plants and effluent-receiving streams. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:630-641.
- Shaw, J.R., C.M. Wood, W.J. Birge and C. Hogstrand. 1998. Toxicity of silver to the marine teleost (Oligocottus maculosus): Effects of salinity and ammonia. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:594-600.
- Shaw, W.H. and B. Grushkin. 1957. The toxicity of metal ions to aquatic organisms. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 67:447-452.
- Shaw, W.H. and B.R. Lowrance. 1956. Bioassay for the estimation of metal ions. Anal. Chem. 28:1164-1166.
- Shivaraj, K.M. and H.S. Patil. 1988. Toxicity of silver chloride to a fresh water fish. Environ. Ecol. 6:713-716.
- Snell, T.W., B.D. Moffat, C. Janssen and G. Persoone. 1991. Acute toxicity tests using rotifers. IV. Effects of cyst age, temperature, and salinity on the sensitivity of Brachionus calyciflorus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 21:308-317.
- Soyer, J. 1963. Contribution to the study of the effects of mercury and silver on marine organisms. Vie et Milieu 14:1-36.
- Steel, R.L. and G.B. Thursby. 1983. A toxicity test using life stages of Champia parvula (Rhodophyta). In: Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment: Sixth symposium. Bishop, W.E., R.D. Cardwell and B.B. Heidolph (Eds.). ASTM STP 802. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 73-89.
- Stephan, C.E., D.I. Mount, D.J. Hansen, J.H. Gentile, G.A. Chapman and W.A. Brungs. 1985. Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses. PB85-227049. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Stokes, P.M., T.C. Hutchinson and K. Krauter. 1973. Heavy metal tolerance in algae isolated from polluted lakes near the Sudbury, Ontario smelters. Water Pollut. Res. 8:178-201.
- Storebakken, T., E. Austreng and K. Steenberg. 1981. A method for determination of feed intake in salmonids using radioactive isotopes. Aquaculture 24:133-142.
- Strong, C.R. and S.N. Luoma. 1981. Variations in the correlation of body size with concentrations of Cu and Ag in the bivalve Macoma balthica. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38:1059-1061.
- Tanaka, O. and C.F. Cleland. 1978. Influence of ferricyanide on flowering in Lemna. Plant Physiol. 61(Suppl.):52.
- Telitchenko, M.M., G.V. Tsytsarin and Y.L. Shirokova. 1970. Trace elements and algal "bloom". Hydrobiol. J. (Engl. Transl. Gidrobiol. Zh.) 6(6):1-6.
- Terhaar, C.J., W.S. Ewell, S.P. Dziuba and D.W. Fassett. 1972. Toxicity of photographic processing chemicals to fish. Photogr. Sci. Eng. 16:370-377.
- Terhaar, C.J., W.S. Ewell, S.P. Dziuba, W.W. White and P.J. Murphy. 1977. A laboratory model for evaluating the behavior of heavy metals in an aquatic environment. Water Res. 11:101-110.
- Thompson, S.E., C.A. Burton, D.J. Quinn and Y.C. Ng. 1972. Concentration factors of chemical elements in edible aquatic organisms. UCRL-50564. Rev. 1. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Thurberg, F.P., W.D. Cable, M.A. Dawson, J.R. MacInnes and D.R. Wenzloof. 1975. Respiratory response of larval, juvenile and adult surf clams Spisula solidissima to silver. In: Respiration of marine organisms. Cech, J.J., Jr., D.W. Bridges and D.B. Horton (Eds.). TRIGOM Publishers, South Portland, ME.
- Thurberg, F.P., A. Calabrese and M.A. Dawson. 1974. Effects of silver on oxygen consumption of bivalves at various salinities. In: Pollution and physiology of marine organisms. Vernberg, F.J. and W.B. Vernberg (Eds.). Academic Press, New York, NY. pp. 67-78.
- Thurberg, F.P. and R.S. Collier. 1977. Respiratory response of cunners to silver. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 8:40-41.
- Tong, S.C., W.H. Gutenmann, D.J. Lisk, G.E. Burdick and E.J. Harris. 1972. Trace metals in New York State fish. N.Y. Fish Game J. 19:123-131.
- Turbak, S.C., S.B. Olson and G.A. McFeters. 1986. Comparison of algal assay systems for detecting waterborne herbicides and metals. Water Res. 20:91-96.
- U.S. EPA. 1976. Quality criteria for water. EPA-440/9-76-023 or PB-263943. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- U.S. EPA. 1978. In-depth studies on health and environmental impacts of selected water pollutants. (Table of data available from Charles E. Stephan, U.S. EPA, Duluth, MN.)
- U.S. EPA. 1980a. Ambient water quality criteria for silver. EPA-440/5-80-071 or PB81-117822. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- U.S. EPA. 1980b. Water quality criteria documents. Federal Regist. 14:79318-79379. November 28.
- U.S. EPA. 1983a. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. EPA-600/4-79-020 (Revised March 1983). National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- U.S. EPA. 1983b. Water quality standards regulation. Federal Regist. 48:51400-51413. November 8.
- U.S. EPA. 1983c. Water quality standards handbook. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, DC.
- U.S. EPA. 1985a. Appendix B - Response to public comments on "Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses." Federal Regist. 50:30793-30796. July 29.
- U.S. EPA. 1985c. Technical support document for water quality-based toxics control. EPA-440/4-85-032 or PB86-150067. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- U.S. EPA. 1986. Chapter I - Stream design flow for steady-state modeling. In: Book VI - Design conditions. In: Technical guidance manual for performing waste load allocation. Office of Water, Washington, DC. August.
- Van Coillie, R. and A. Rousseau. 1974. The mineral content of scales of Castostomus commersoni taken from two different environments: Results using electron microscopic analyses. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31:63-66.
- Voyer, R.A., J.A. Cardin, J.F. Heltsch and G.L. Hoffman. 1982. Viability of embryos of the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus exposed to mixtures of cadmium and silver in combination with selected fixed salinities. Aquat. Toxicol. 2:223-233.
- Warnau, M., M. Iaccarino, A. De Biase, A. Temara, M. Jangoux, P. Dubois and G. Pagano. 1996. Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of heavy metals in the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus. Environ. Toxic. Chem. 15:1931-1936.
- Watanabe, K. and A. Takimoto. 1977. Effects of some metabolic inhibitors on flowering of Lemna gibba G3, a long-day duckweed. Plant Cell Physiol. 18:1369-1372.
- Webb, N.A., and C.M. Wood. 1998. Physiological analysis of the stress response associated with acute silver nitrate exposure in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ. toxicol. Chem. 17:579-588.
- Whitton, B.A. 1970. Toxicity of heavy metals to freshwater algae: A review. Phykos 9:116-125.
- Williamson, K.J. and P.O. Nelson. 1983. Bacterial bioassay for level 1 toxicity assessment. EPA-600/3-83-017 or PB83-182287. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Wilson, W.B. and L.R. Freeberg. 1980. Toxicity of metals to marine phytoplankton cultures. EPA-600/3-870-025. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
- Windom, H.L., K.T. Tenore and D.L. Rice. 1982. Metal accumulation by the polychaete Capitella capitata: Influence of metal content and nutritional quality detritus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39:191-196.
- Wood, C.M., C. Hogstrand, F. Galvez and R.S. Munger. 1996a. The physiology of waterborne silver toxicity in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 1. The effects of ionic Ag+. Aquat. Toxicol. 35:93-109.
- Wood, C.M., C. Hogstrand, F. Galvez and R.S. Munger. 1996b. The physiology of waterborne silver toxicity in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). 2. The effects of silver thiosulfate. Aquat. Toxicol. 35:111-125.
- Young, B.G. and D.J. Lisk. 1972. Effect of copper and silver ions on algae. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 44:1643-1647.
- Zaroogian, G.E. Manuscript. Interlaboratory comparison--acute toxicity tests using the 48 hour oyster embryo-larval assay. U.S. EPA, Narragansett, R.I.
- Zuiderveen, J.A. and W.J. Birge. 1997. The relationship between chronic values in toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia. In: Dwyer, F.J., T.R. Doane and M.L. Hinman (Eds.), Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Modeling and Risk Assessment. Vol. 6, pp 551-556. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
![[logo] US EPA](http://www.epa.gov/epafiles/images/logo_epaseal.gif)